International Energy Agency

Data is collected from central or federal government budgets, as well as the budgets of state-owned companies, for spending on a range of sectors including energy efficiency, renewables, nuclear power, fossil fuels, hydrogen and fuel cells, and more. All figures refer to total public energy RD&D expenditure data, converted from current prices in national currencies to US dollar PPPs in constant 2022 prices, using GDP deflators and 2022 PPPs. Note- 2022 and 2023 data are estimation by the countries

Data Cited at: IEA (2021), Net Zero by 2050, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 Definitional note: A.1. Energy supply and transformation table Total energy supply (TES) is equivalent to electricity and heat generation plus “other energy sector” excluding electricity and heat, plus total final consumption (TFC) excluding electricity and heat. TES does not include ambient heat from heat pumps or the electricity trade. Solar in TES includes solar PV generation, concentrating solar power and final consumption of solar thermal. Other renewables in TES include geothermal, and marine (tide and wave) energy for electricity and heat generation. Hydrogen production and biofuels production in the other energy sector account for the energy input required to produce merchant hydrogen (mainly natural gas and electricity) and for the conversion losses to produce biofuels (mainly primary solid biomass) used in the energy sector. While not itemized separately, non- renewable waste and other sources are included in TES. Definitional note: A.2. Energy demand table Sectors comprising total final consumption (TFC) include industry (energy use and feedstock), transport, buildings (residential, services and non-specified other) and other (agriculture and other non-energy use). Energy demand from international marine and aviation bunkers are included in transport totals.   Definitional note: A.3. Electricity tables Electricity generation expressed in terawatt‐hours (TWh) and installed electrical capacity data expressed in gigawatts (GW) are both provided on a gross basis (ie includes own use by the generator). Projected gross electrical capacity is the sum of existing capacity and additions, less retirements. While not itemized separately, other sources are included in total electricity generation.