United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international official sources. Area data exclude overseas departments and territories. For population footnotes click here. For life expectancy footnotes click here. For fertility rate footnotes click here. For population by marital status footnotes click here. For female members of parliament footnotes click here. For female government ministers footnotes click here. For female central bank board members footnotes click here. For female tertiary students footnotes click here. For economic activity rate footnotes click here. For gender pay gap footnotes click here. For employment growth rate footnotes click here. For unemployment rate footnotes click here. For youth unemployment rate footnotes click here. For employment by economic sector footnotes click here. For economic indicator footnotes click here. For road accident footnotes click here. For total length of motorways footnotes click here. For total length of railway lines footnotes click here. Key indicators in maps .. - data not availableIndicatorGDP in agriculture (ISIC4 A): output approach, index, 2010=100If the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.GDP in industry (incl. construction) (ISIC4 B-F): output approach, index, 2010=100If the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.GDP in services (ISIC4 G-U): output approach, index, 2010=100If the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.GDP: in agriculture etc. (ISIC4 A), output approach, per cent share of GVAIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.GDP: in industry etc. (ISIC4 B-E), output approach, per cent share of GVAIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.GDP: in construction (ISIC4 F), output approach, per cent share of GVAIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.GDP: in trade, hospitality, transport and communication (ISIC4 G-J), output approach, per cent share of GVAIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.GDP: in finance and business services (ISIC4 K-N), output approach, per cent share of GVAIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.GDP: in public administration, education and health (ISIC4 O-Q), output approach, per cent share of GVAIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.GDP: in other service activities (ISIC4 R-U), output approach, per cent share of GVAIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.Employment in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing (ISIC Rev. 4 A), share of total employmentIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.Employment in industry and energy (ISIC Rev. 4 B-E), share of total employmentIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.Employment in construction (ISIC Rev. 4 F), share of total employmentIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.Employment in trade, hotels, restaurants, transport and communications (ISIC Rev. 4 G-J), share of total employmentIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.Employment in finance, real estate and business services (ISIC Rev. 4 K-N), share of total employmentIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.Employment in public administration, education and health (ISIC Rev. 4 O-Q), share of total employmentIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.Employment in other service activities (ISIC Rev. 4 R-U), share of total employmentIf the country has not yet provided data according to ISIC 4, you may find the data according to ISIC 3.1 in more detailed tables under the Economy section of the database.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (EUROSTAT, OECD, CIS) official sources. Definition:Employment, as referred to the System of National Accounts 1993, covers all persons - both employees and self-employed - engaged in a productive activity that falls within the production boundary of the system. It includes both the residents and the non-residents who work for resident producer units. In case of deviation, the actual definition is provided in the country footnote. Employment data provided in this table generally differ from employment data provided in Gender Statistics, which cover only residents. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. As a result, absolute figures presented in this table may differ from those published by National Statistical Offices and should be taken with caution. However, the derived growth rates correspond to the originally reported series. Regional aggregates are computed by UNECE secretariat. For more details see the composition of regions note. Country: Albania Employment: end of period. Country: Armenia Employment: LFS - based. Country: Azerbaijan Geographical coverage: excludes Nagorno-Karabakh. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS - based. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Employment:LFS - based. Country: Croatia Employment: LFS-based. Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France include the overseas departments (DOM). Country: Georgia Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: Register-based. Country: Israel Employment: LFS-based. Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Kazakhstan Employment: LFS-based. Country: Lithuania Employment: LFS-based. Country: Moldova, Republic of Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Country: Romania Employment: LFS-based. For the years 1990-2001 UNECE estimates. Country: Russian Federation Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Geographical Coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Employment: LFS - based. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Employment: LFS-based. Country: Turkey Employment: Annual breakdowns by activity and quarterly data are LFS-based. Country: Ukraine Employment: LFS-based. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (EUROSTAT, OECD, CIS) official sources. Definition:Employment, as referred to the System of National Accounts 1993, covers all persons - both employees and self-employed - engaged in a productive activity that falls within the production boundary of the system. It includes both the residents and the non-residents who work for resident producer units. In case of deviation, the actual definition is provided in the country footnote. Employment data provided in this table generally differ from employment data provided in Gender Statistics, which cover only residents. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. As a result, absolute figures presented in this table may differ from those published by National Statistical Offices and should be taken with caution. However, the derived growth rates correspond to the originally reported series. Regional aggregates are computed by UNECE secretariat. For more details see the composition of regions note.Country: Albania Employment: end of period.Country: Armenia Employment: LFS - based.Country: Azerbaijan Geographical coverage: excludes Nagorno-Karabakh. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS - based.Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Employment:LFS - based.Country: Croatia Employment: LFS-based.Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France include the overseas departments (DOM).Country: Georgia Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: Register-based.Country: Iceland Employment: LFS - based.Country: Israel Employment: LFS-based. Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem.Country: Kazakhstan Employment: LFS-based.Country: Moldova, Republic of Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based.Country: Romania Employment: LFS-based. For the years 1990-2001 UNECE estimates.Country: Russian Federation Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013.Country: Serbia Geographical Coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Employment: LFS - based.Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Employment: LFS-based.Country: Turkey Employment: Annual breakdowns by activity and quarterly data are LFS-based.Country: Ukraine Employment: LFS-based. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine.

To view the original national data please open the questionnaires. Source: Joint Forest Europe / UNECE / FAO Questionnaire on Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. Country: Russian Federation The source of the data of Russian Federation is the National Report for the Joint Forest Europe / UNECE / FAO reporting on quantitative pan-European indicators 2011.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat) official sources. Definition: The employed are all the residents above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). Part-time/full-time: A part-time worker is an employed person whose normal hours of work are less than those of comparable full-time workers. In most countries, the distinction between part-time and full-time work is based on self-declaration. In a few countries, work is defined as part-time when the hours usually worked are below a fixed threshold. Data for EU-27, Croatia, Iceland, Norway, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey from the year 2008 corresponds to the NACE rev 2, before 2008 data is according to the NACE rev1.1. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Albania 2007-2012: Part-time worker refers to an employed person whose usual hours of work are less than 35 hours/week. Country: Albania 2013-2015: Distinction between part-time and full-time workers is based on worker self-identification. Country: Armenia Break in methodlogy (2008): 2007 data refer to population aged 16-75. Since 2008 data refer to population aged 15-75. Break in methodlogy (2014): From 2007 to 2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards. Since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Belarus 2014: changes in methodology Country: France Since 2014 data include also the French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Reunion) with the exception of Mayotte. Country: Georgia Territorial change (2002 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.f Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (1980): Data refers to population 14+. Country: Israel Change in definition (2005): 1) Update of the definitions of labour force characteristics; 2) Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Moldova, Republic of Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Russian Federation Change in definition (1990 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 years. Underemployment - the person who work less than 30 hours in the surveyed week Country: Russian Federation Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1992 Country: Russian Federation Territorial change (1990 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen Republic Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Ukraine From 2014 data cover the territories under the government control. Country: Ukraine Data do not cover the persons who are still living in the area of Chernobyl contaminated with radioactive material. Data do not cover the persons who are living in institutions and those who are working in the army. Data refer to the population aged 15-70.

To view the original national data please open the questionnaires. Source: Joint Forest Europe / UNECE / FAO Questionnaire on Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. Country: Russian Federation The source of the data of Russian Federation is the National Report for the Joint Forest Europe / UNECE / FAO reporting on quantitative pan-European indicators 2011.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The employed are all the persons above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The occupation groups correspond to first-level categories in the 2008 version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). For the EU and EFTA member-states the year of transition to ISCO-08 is 2011, for other countries please see Country footnotes. The level of education is the highest level successfully completed in the educational system of the country where the education is received. The levels are defined with reference to the International Standard Classifications of Education ISCED 1997 and ISCED 2011. For the EU and EFTA member-states the levels of education are classified according to ISCED 2011 from 2014. For other countries please see Country footnotes. The transition from ISCO-88 to ISCO-08 and from ISCED 1997 to ISCED 2011 could entail a break in time series. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Armenia Data for 2001 are from Population Census. Since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Azerbaijan Data compiled according to ISCO-08. Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (2000): Data refer to 1999 Population Census. Measurement: Employment (thousands) , Country: Belarus Data compiled according to ISCO-88 Measurement: Percent of corresponding total of both sexes , Country: Belarus Data compiled according to ISCO-88 Measurement: Employment (thousands) , Country: Belarus Parts by education level may not add up due to the persons who did not indicate their levels of education Measurement: Percent of corresponding total of both sexes , Country: Belarus Parts by education level may not add up due to the persons who did not indicate their levels of education Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina From 2006 to 2014 data compiled using ISCED 97, from 2015 using ISCED 11. Country: Canada Change in definition (1990 onwards): Data are annual averages. Cells with 0 are estimates with less than 1,500 employed. Country: Canada Data do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk ) Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.f Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2012):1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (2000 - 2012): Changes in the questionnaire (Highest Diploma Received, Discouraged Workers, Employees hired through employment agencies or employment contractors); See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_e_changes.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (2013): Changes in the Standard Classification of Occupations based on ISCO-08; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications12/occupations_class11/pd--f/draft_h.pdf (draft, Hebrew only) Country: Moldova, Republic of Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Russian Federation Change in definition (2000 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 years Country: Russian Federation Territorial change (2000 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen Republic Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. From 2013 data compiled according to ISCO-08. Country: Turkey Break in series (2014): Since 2014 series are not comparable with the previous years due to methodological changes in LFS. Country: Turkey Break in methodlogy (2004): Data are revised according to the 2008 population projections. Country: Turkey Until 2012, all occupations were coded according to ISCO-88. Since 2013, all occupations have been coded according to ISCO-08. Country: Ukraine Change in definition (2000 - 2012): Distribution by institutional sectors of the economy based on the assessment carried out in accordance with the National Classification of Occupations developed on the basis of ISCO 88. Country: Ukraine Territorial change (2000 - 2012): Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster. Country: United States Data for occupation refer to population 15+ and who have worked in the past 5 years. Data do not cover the armed forces. Occupation is classified according to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2000 manual (www.bls.gov/soc). For individuals with two or more jobs, data refer to the job having the greatest number of hours. For unemployed persons and persons who are not currently employed but report having a job within the last five years, data refer to their last job.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The employed are all the residents above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The occupation groups correspond to first-level categories in the 2008 version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). For the EU and EFTA member-states the year of transition from ISCO-88 to ISCO-08 is 2011. For other countries please see Country footnotes. The transition to ISCO-08 could entail a break in time series. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not availableCountry: AlbaniaFrom 2010 occupational groups according to ISCO-08.Country: Armenia Break in methodlogy (2014): since 2014 data refer to the population aged 15-75 and are based on the Labour Force Survey.2001: data come from Population Census.Country: AzerbaijanData compiled according to ISCO-08.Country: Azerbaijan Data are based on administrative registers.Country: BelarusData compiled according to ISCO-88Country: Belarus 2000 : data refer to 1999 and come from Population Census.Country: Belgium 1980 : data refer to 1983.Country: Bosnia and HerzegovinaFrom year 2006 to 2010 data compiling using ISCO 88, from 2011 using ISCO 08.Country: Bulgaria 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: CanadaChange in definition (1990 onwards): Data are annual averages. Cells with 0 are estimates with less than 1,500 employed.Country: CanadaData do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk )Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Estonia 1990 and 1995 : data refer to the population aged 15-69. From 2000 : data refer to the population aged 15-74.Country: Finland Data refer to the population aged 15-74.Country: France Since 2014, data include also the French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Reunion), with the exception of Mayotte.Country: Georgia Data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali).Country: Germany 1980 : data refer to 1983.Country: Iceland Data refer to the population aged 16-74. 1990 : data refer to 1991.Country: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdfCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.fCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdfCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdfCountry: IsraelChange in definition (2000 - 2012): Changes in the questionnaire (Highest Diploma Received, Discouraged Workers, Employees hired through employment agencies or employment contractors); See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_e_changes.pdfCountry: IsraelChange in definition (2013): Changes in the Standard Classification of Occupations based on ISCO-08; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications12/occupations_class11/pd--f/draft_h.pdf (draft, Hebrew only)Country: KyrgyzstanUp to 2015 ISCO-88 has been usedCountry: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996.Country: Lithuania 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: Moldova, Republic ofData exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of BenderCountry: Portugal 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Russian FederationChange in definition (2000 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 yearsCountry: Russian FederationTerritorial change (1995 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen RepublicCountry: SerbiaData do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Starting in 2013 data compiled according ISCO-08.Country: Slovakia 1995 : the persons working in the armed forces are counted in the other groups.Country: Sweden Data refer to the population aged 16-64.Country: Switzerland 1990 : data refer to 1991.Country: UkraineChange in definition (2000 - 2012): Distribution by institutional sectors of the economy based on the assessment carried out in accordance with the National Classification of Occupations developed on the basis of ISCO 88.Country: UkraineTerritorial change (2000 - 2012): Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster.Country: United Kingdom Data refer to the population aged 16+.Country: United States Data refer to the population aged 16+. Data do not cover the armed forces. Occupation groups : 'Professionals' includes 'Technicians and associate professionals'; 'Craft and related workers' includes 'Plant machine operators and assemblers'.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources. Definition: The employed are all the persons above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The private sector covers private corporations (including those in foreign control), households and Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (NPISHs). The public sector covers all sub-sectors of general government (mainly central, state and local government units, together with social security funds imposed and controlled by those units) and public corporations, i.e. corporations which are subject to control by government units (usually defined by the government owning the majority of shares). General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Armenia 2007 data refer to population aged 16-75. Break in methodlogy (2008): since 2008 data refer to population aged 15-75. Break in methodlogy(2001, 2002): For the periods of 1980-2000 and 2002-2006 data on employment are based on integrated data received from various sources. For 2001 data are from Population Census. Break in methodlogy (2007): From 2007 to 2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards. Break in methodlogy (2014): Since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Austria Break in methodlogy (2004): Break in series due to change in data collection procedure. Country: Azerbaijan Data are based on Population Census, establishment survey and registers Country: Belarus Data are based on administrative registers. Data for private sector include corporations with mixed ownership. 2010: changes in methodology Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Additional information (1990 - 2008): Data are based on administrative records and related sources Country: Bulgaria Change in definition (2003 - 2012): Annual average data Country: Bulgaria Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1993 (September). Country: Bulgaria Reference period (1995 - 2002): Data refer to June of the corresponding year Country: Canada Data for not stated refers to self-employed. Country: Croatia Data given for 2009 onwards are calibrated according to the results of the Census 2011 and are not fully comparable with data given for previous years. Country: Cyprus Change in definition (1980 - 2008): Data refer to full-time equivalent (FTE) employment. Data are based on official estimates Country: Cyprus Reference period (1980): Data refer to 1981 Country: Cyprus Territorial change (1980 - 2008): Data cover the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus Country: Czechia Break in methodlogy (1990 - 2008): Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers Country: Denmark Data are based on administrative records and related sources Country: France Reference area: Metropolitan France Country: France Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers Country: Georgia Data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Additional information (1995 - 2007): Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers Country: Greece Data refer to annual averages. Country: Hungary Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers. Private sector : data include corporations with mixed ownership. Country: Ireland Data are based on administrative registers. 2008 : break in series due to change in methodology. The series previously published up to 2008 was derived from the Quarterly Public Sector inquiry (QPI). The data from 2008,2009 and 2010 is now generated from the Earnings,Hours and Employment Cost Survey (EHECS)There are different methodologies used in both.They are as follows: The QPI was data generated from one reference period in the quarter.The EHECS survey is an average over the full quarter. The QPI had some whole time equivalents in the data ,EHECS uses a head count. The data from EHECS will therefore be higher Country: Israel Change in definition (2000 - 2008): Data on public sector refer to General Government only. Country: Italy Additional information (1990 - 2008): Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers Country: Kyrgyzstan Additional information (1995 - onwards): Data for private sector are obtained by subtracting the number of employed in public sector from the total number of employed. Country: Latvia Change in definition (1995 - 2001): Data refer to the population aged 15+. Country: Latvia Change in definition (2002 - 2012): Data refer to the population aged 15-74. Country: Latvia Reference period (1995): Data refer to 1996. Country: Luxembourg Change in definition (1990 - 2008): There is no sector variable in the LFS. The public sector is defined as the sum of the NACE rev1 sections L and M Country: Luxembourg Change in definition (2009 - 2012): There is no sector variable in the LFS. The public sector is defined as the sum of the NACE rev2 sections O and P Country: Luxembourg Reference period (1980): Data refer to 1983 Country: Poland Data are not fully comparable with the results of the surveys prior to 2010 as persons staying outside households for 12 months or longer are excluded from the survey (previously over 3 months). Country: Romania Mixed sector - included in ''private sector'' for years 2007 onward; for year 1995-2006 mixed sector is included in the ''sector not stated'' row. Break in series starting with year 2009. For years 2014 onward data were estimated using the resident population. For years 2009-2013 data were estimated based on revised population figures (resident population) in accordance to the 2011 Census results. Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers. Country: Slovenia Data come from the Slovenian Statistical Register of Employment and cover persons who hold paid employment, self-empoyed persons who have compulsory social insurance and trainees. Data do not cover persons working abroad. Country: Sweden Break in methodlogy (2004 - 2005): For "Employment Public/private sector not stated" persons working abroad are included in 2005 and forward but seen as outside the labor force in 2004 and before. Country: Switzerland Break in methodlogy (2010): Change to continuous survey. As of 2010: annual averages Country: Switzerland Change in definition (1980 - 1990): Sector not stated : data include trainees. Country: Switzerland Reference period (2000 - 2009): Data refer to 2nd quarter Country: Tajikistan Change in definition (2004): Data include working migrants Country: Turkey Break in methodlogy (2004): Data are revised according to the 2008 population projections. Country: Ukraine From 2014 data cover the territories under the government control. Country: Ukraine For 2000-2011 data compiled according ISIC 3 Rev.1, since 2012 ISIC 4 is in use Country: Ukraine Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The employed are all the residents above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The breakdown by kind of economic activity is grouped into 3 categories. Agriculture includes agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing (ISIC Rev.3.1 Sections A-B or ISIC Rev.4 Section A). Industry includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply, and construction (ISIC Rev.3.1 Sections C-F or ISIC Rev.4 Sections B-F ). Services comprise all other economic activities (ISIC Rev.3.1 Sections G-Q or ISIC Rev.4 Sections G-U). Total employment provided in this table generally differ from total employment provided in Economic Statistics, which cover both residents and non-residents (according to the System of National Accounts 1993). General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified in country footnotes. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Albania Break in methodology (1980): from 1990 to 2006, data are based on administrative registers with sector breakdown according of NACE rev 1.1 Country: Albania Break in methodology (2007): As of 2007 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Sectors broken down according to NACE rev 1.1 (2007-2014) and NACE rev since 2015. Country: Armenia Break in methodlogy (2007, 2014): For the period of 1980-2000 and 2002-2006 data on employment are based on integrated data received from various sources. From 2007 to 2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards. Since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Armenia Break in methodlogy (2008): Data for 2007 refer to the age group 16-75. Since 2008 data refer to the age group 15-75. Country: Austria 1980-1990 : data refer to national definition (Life Subsistence Concept). From 1995 : data comply with ILO definition. Country: Azerbaijan Official estimates. 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Belarus Data refer to the national classification. Services include construction. Country: Belgium 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina From year 2006 to 2011, data compiled using ISIC Rev 3.1, from 2012 using ISIC Rev 4. Country: Bulgaria 1995 : data refer to 1997. Country: Canada Data do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk ). Country: Croatia 1995 : data refer to 1996. Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1990 : data refer to 1992. Country: Denmark 1980 : data refer to 1982. Country: Estonia 1990-1995 : data refer to the population aged 15-69. From 2000 : data refer to the population aged 15-74. Country: Finland Data refer to the population aged 15-74. Country: France Data do not cover overseas departments (DOM). Country: Georgia Break in methodology (1980 - 1995): Data are based on administrative registers Country: Georgia Territorial change (1995 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region Country: Germany 1980 : data refer to 1983. From 1991 : data cover former German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Country: Hungary 1990 : data refer to 1992. Country: Iceland 1980 : data refer to 1981 and are based on administrative registers. 1990 : data refer to 1991. 1980 : data refer to the population aged 15-74. From 1990 : data refer to the population aged 16-74. Country: Ireland 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.f Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2013): Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities based on ISIC Rev.4; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications12/economic_activities11/--pdf/e_print.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (1995): 1) Update of the definitions of labour force characteristics; 2) Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (2003): Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2003, which mainly involved expanding the classification of high-tech industries; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_int_g.pdf Country: Italy 1980 : data refer to 1983. 1980-1990 : data refer to the economically active population aged 14+, which includes the persons who have been seeking employment in the last 6 months. From 1995 : data refer to the economically active population aged 15+, which includes the persons who have been seeking employment in the last 30 days. Country: Kyrgyzstan Reference period (1995): Data refer to 1996 Country: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996. Country: Lithuania 1995 : data refer to 1997. Country: Luxembourg 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Moldova, Republic of Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Netherlands 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Poland 1990 : official estimates based on administrative registers. Country: Romania 1995 : data refer to the population aged 14+. Country: Russian Federation Change in definition (2000 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 years Country: Russian Federation Territorial change (1990 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen Republic Country: Serbia Territorial change (2000 onward): Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Sweden Data refer to the population aged 16-64. Country: Turkey Break in series (2014): Since 2014 series are not comparable with the previous years due to methodological changes in LFS. Country: Turkey Break in methodlogy (2004): Data are revised according to the 2008 population projections. Country: Turkey Up to 2008, economic activities in labour force survey (LFS) were coded by NACE Rev 1. From 2009 onwards, NACE Rev 2 has been used. Country: Ukraine For 2000-2011 data compiled according ISIC 3 Rev.1, since 2012 ISIC 4 is in use Country: Ukraine Territorial change (2000 - 2012): Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster. Country: United Kingdom Data refer to the population aged 16+. Country: United States Data refer to the population aged 16+. Agriculture excludes forestry and fishing. Country: Uzbekistan Services include construction

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The status of employment is defined with reference to the distinction between 'paid employment' and 'self-employment' jobs. Workers holding paid-employment jobs have explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts which give them a basic remuneration which is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work. Self-employment jobs are jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced. Employees are all the workers who hold paid employment jobs. Employers are workers who hold self-employment jobs and have engaged, on a continuous basis, one or more persons to work for them in their business as employees. Own-account workers are workers who hold self-employment jobs and have not engaged, on a continuous basis, any employees to work for them during the reference period. Members of producers cooperatives are workers who hold self-employment jobs in a cooperative producing goods and services, in which each member takes part on an equal footing with other members in determining the organisation of production, sales and/or other work of the establishment, the investments and the distribution of the proceeds of the establishment amongst their members. Family workers are workers who hold self-employment jobs in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household. For additional information, see the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-93). General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Austria 1980-1990 : data refer to national definition (Life Subsistence Concept). 1980 : data on employers include own-account workers and family workers. 1990 : data on employers include own-account workers. Country: Azerbaijan Data are based on Population Census and administrative registers. Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (2000): Data refer to 1999 Population Census. Country: Belarus 2009: data are from the Population Census. Parts do not equal the totals due to employed persons not indicated their status in employment. Country: Belgium 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Estimates for family workers are less reliable in 2014-2015. Country: Bulgaria 1990 : data refer to 1993. Data on own-account workers include members of producers cooperatives. Country: Croatia 1995 : data refer to 1996. Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1990 : data refer to 1992. Country: Czechia From 2002 : data on own-account workers include members of producers cooperatives. Country: Denmark 1980 : data refer to 1983; data on employers include own-account workers. Country: Estonia Data on employers and own-account workers include members of producers cooperatives. 1990-1995 : data refer to the population aged 15-69. From 2000 : data refer to the population aged 15-74. Country: Finland 1980-1995 : data on employers include own-account workers. Country: France Data do not cover overseas departments (DOM). 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Germany 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Greece 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Iceland 1990 : data refer to 1991. Country: Ireland 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Israel 1990: data refer to 1992. 1998, 2001: methodology revised, data not strictly comparable. Country: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996. Country: Lithuania 1995 : data refer to 1997. Data on employers include own-account workers. Country: Netherlands 1980 : data refer to 1983. 1980-2001 : data on employers include own-account workers and members of producers cooperatives. Country: Norway 1980-2001 : data on employers include own-account workers and members of producers cooperatives. Country: Poland 1990 : data refer to 1992. Country: Romania 1995: data refer to population aged 14+. Country: Russian Federation Data refer to population aged 15-72. Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Spain Data refer to population aged 16+. 2005: methodology revised, data not strictly comparable. Country: Switzerland 1990 : data refer to 1991. Country: Turkey 2000: data revision based on Population Census 2000 Country: Ukraine Data do not cover the persons who are still living in the area of Chernobyl contaminated with radioactive material. Data do not cover the persons who are living in institutions and those who are working in the army. Data refer to the population aged 15-70. Country: United Kingdom 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: United States Data on employers include own-account workers. Data refer to population aged 16+. 1994: methodology revised, data not strictly comparable

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Transport Division Database. Please note that country footnotes are not always in alphabetical order.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (OECD, EUROSTAT, CIS) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. Wages common currency (US$) estimates: are computed by the UNECE Secretariat using the nominal exchange rates. Gross average monthly wages cover total wages and salaries in cash and in kind, before any tax deduction and before social security contributions. They include wages and salaries, remuneration for time not worked, bonuses and gratuities paid by the employer to the employee. For most countries wages cover total economy and are expressed per full-time equivalent employee. This enables comparison of different countries irrespective of the length of working time and the share of part-time and full-time workers. Where data are not available in full-time units, it has been mentioned in the note for the corresponding country. In these cases, the wages are either expressed for full-time workers only or total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. In the case of three countries, wages do not cover total economy. Iceland collects wages for the private sector only. Serbia excludes services provided by households, and Turkey excludes agriculture, fishing and forestry as well as services provided by households. Three countries measure wages and salaries in cash only, excluding in kind remuneration. These are Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia and Iceland. .. - data not available Country: Albania Data for the years 1991-1996 only cover wages in the public sector. Data from 1997 includes earnings in public and private sector. The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. Country: Armenia The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. 1993 denomination of the Soviet ruble: 1 new Armenian dram = 200 old rubles. Data from 2012 and later include employers' statutory social security contributions. Country: Azerbaijan The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. 1993 denomination of the ruble: 1 new manat = 10 old rubles. 2006 redenomination of the ruble: 1 new manta = 5000 old rubles. Country: Belarus The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. 1994 denomination of the Belarusian ruble: 1 new ruble = 10 old rubles. 2000 redenomination of the ruble: 1 new ruble = 1000 old rubles. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina The wages include remuneration in cash only, not in kind, and the total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. Country: Bulgaria 1999 denomination of the Bulgarian leva: 1 new Bulgarian leva = 1000 old leva. Country: Croatia The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. Free lancers and craft workers are not included. 1994 denomination of the Croat dinar: 1 new Croatian Kuna = 1000 dinars. Country: Cyprus Data refer to full-time workers only. 2008: Euro has become the legal tender currency. Country: Estonia The total wages include remuneration in cash only, not in kind. Estonian currency from 1st January 2011 is euro, prior to 2011 - Estonian kroon (EEK), 1992 denomination of the Soviet ruble: 1 new kroon = 10 old rubles. Country: Georgia The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. 1995 denomination of the lari-kupon: 1 new Georgian Lari = 1000000 old lari-kupon. Country: Iceland Data refer to full-time workers in the private sector only including manufacturing, construction, trade and transport. The wages include remuneration in cash only, not in kind. Country: Israel Data refer to average monthly wages per employee job total, including territories and foreigners. The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. Country: Kazakhstan The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. 1992 denomination of the Soviet ruble: 1 new Kazakh tenge = 500 old rubles. Country: Kyrgyzstan The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. 1993 denomination of the Soviet ruble: 1 new Kyrgyz = 200 old rubles. Data for 1990-2006 includes the value of housing. Country: Latvia 2014: Euro has become the legal tender currency. 1992 denomination of the Latvian rubble: 1 new Latvian lat = 200 old Latvian talonas. Country: Lithuania 2015: Euro has become the legal tender currency. 1993 denomination of the Soviet ruble: 1 new litas = 100 old rubles. Country: Luxembourg 2008: Euro has become the legal tender currency. Country: Moldova, Republic of The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. 1993 denomination of the cupon: 1 new leu = 1000 old cupon. Country: Montenegro The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. Country: Poland 1995 denomination of the Polish zloty: 1 new zloty = 10000 old zloty. Country: Romania 1991 denomination of the Lei: 1 new Leu = 10 000 old Lei. 2005 redenomination of the Leu: 1 New Leu = 10000 old Leu. Country: Russian Federation The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. 1998 denomination of the Russian ruble: 1 new ruble = 1000 old rubles. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia 1999 excludes Kosovo and Metohija. The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. Wages in services provided by households are not included, covers economic activities A-O (ISIC Rev.3). Country: Slovakia 2009: Euro has become the legal tender currency. Country: Tajikistan The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. 2000 denomination of the Tajik ruble: 1 new Tajik somoni = 1000 old rubles. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. Data before 1999 only include payment in cash. 1992 denomination of the Yugoslav dinar: 1 new Macedonian denar = 1 old Yugoslav dinar. 1993 redenomination of the Macedonian denar: 1 new Macedonian denar = 100 old Macedonian denar. Country: Turkey Turkey does not produce these data annually. Since 2008, the wages and salaries in education, heath and social work as well as in other community, social and personal services were included in the data. The data exclude agriculture, fishing and forestry as well as services provided by households. The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. 1995 denomination of the Lira: 1 New Turkish lira = one million old lira. Country: Turkmenistan 1993 denomination of the Soviet ruble: 1 Turkmen Manat = 500 Soviet rubles. 2009 redenomination of the Turkmen manat: 1 New Turkman Manat = 5000 old Turkman Manat. Country: Ukraine The total wages are divided by the number of all employees including both full-time and part-time workers. 1996 denomination of the Karbovanets: 1 new Ukrainian hryvnia = 100000 old Karbovanets. Country: Uzbekistan 1993 denomination of the Soviet ruble: 1 new Uzbekistan sum = 1000 old ruble.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources. Definition:Judges are justice officers who hear and judge cases in courts of justice, instruct the jury on points of law, or pronounce judgement. Judges are defined according to ISCO-08,code 2612. Examples of the occupations classified are chief justice, judge, and magistrate. .. - data not available Country: Canada Data based on National Occupational Classification 2006. Country: Canada Data exclude the 3 northern territories. Country: Cyprus Government controlled area only. Country: Czechia Reference period (1980): data refer to 1981. Country: Czechia Reference period (1990): data refer to 1991. Country: Estonia Reference period (1980 - 2011): Data refer to 31 December of preceding year. 2015: Data as of August 30, 2016. Country: France All judges at juridical courts. Country: France Geographic coverage: French Republic, including the overseas departments DOM (except Mayotte). Overseas collectivities (COM) are excluded. Country: Georgia Territorial change (1995 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region. Country: Germany 1990/1995 break in series: 1980, 1990: former territory of Federal Republic of Germany. Country: Greece Change in definition (2005 - 2009): Data include authorized associate judges and magistrates. Professional Judges or Magistrates means both full-time and part-time officials. Data for 2010 onwards: Magistrates are not included as figures are not available by sex. Country: Iceland Change in definition (1995 onward): Data refers to judges in District courts and the Supreme Court. Country: Latvia Change in definition (1995 - 2012): Data include the total number of judges of the Supreme Court, Regional Courts, and District (city) Courts. Country: Latvia Reference period (2003): data refer to 1st April 2004. Country: Lithuania Reference period (1990 - 2012): Reference period: selected day of the year ? at the end of the year (December 31). Country: Moldova, Republic of Additional information (1995 onward): Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Norway ISCO-code 2611-2619 combined. Country: Russian Federation Reference period (2000 - 2013): Data refer to the situation as of 1st of January of the following year. Country: Switzerland Data are rounded by multiple of 1000. Country: Switzerland Break in methodlogy (2010): From 2010 data refer to ISCO-08 classification, before 2010 data refer to ISCO-88 classification. Country: Turkey Change in definition: Up to 2008 data cover total judges. Since 2009, data cover only judges at judicial and administrative courts. Country: United Kingdom Change in definition (2001 - onwards): Includes Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, Heads of Division, Lord Justices of Appeal, High Court Judges, Circuit Judges (including judges of the Court of Technology & Construction), District Judges (including Family Division), Deputy District Judges (including Family Division), District Judges (Magistrates Courts), Deputy District Judges (Magistrates Courts).

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The labour force/economically active population includes all residents who are either employed or unemployed. The employed are all persons above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. The unemployed are all persons above a specific age who, during the reference period, were: (a) without work, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment, and (b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period, and (c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified reference period to seek paid employment or self-employment. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The economic activity rate is the share of the labour force (employed + unemployed) in the total population aged 15+. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Albania Break in methodology (2001): Data from Population Census Country: Albania Break in methodology (2002): from 2002 to 2006, data are based on administrative registers Country: Albania Break in methodology (2007): As of 2007 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Measurement: Economic activity rate , Country: Albania Break in methodology (2007): As of 2007 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Measurement: Percent of corresponding total for both sexes , Country: Albania Break in methodology (2007): As of 2007 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Measurement: Percent of corresponding total for both sexes , Country: Albania Break in methodology (2002): from 2002 to 2006, data are based on administrative registers Country: Armenia 1995 : data refer to 1997. Data for 2007 refer to the age group 16-75. Since 2008 data refer to the age group 15-75. 2008: break in series, application of ILO definition. 2001 : data are from Population Census. For the period of 1980-2000 and 2002-2006 data on employment are based on integrated data received from various sources and data on unemployment are based on administrative register. Since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Austria 1980-1990 : data refer to the national definition of labour force (Life Subsistence Concept). From 1995 : data comply with ILO definition. 1980 : age group 35-39 refers to 30-39; age group 45-49 refers to 40-49; age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Azerbaijan 1990-1995 : data are based on administrative registers and may not cover all active persons. From 2000 : data comply with ILO definition. Age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Belarus Data refer to registered persons. Since 2012 data for age group 60-64 refer to persons 60+ Measurement: Economic activity rate , Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (1990): data refer to 1989 and come from 1989 Population Census Measurement: Percent of corresponding total for both sexes , Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (1990): data refer to 1989 and come from 1989 Population Census Measurement: Economic activity rate , Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (2000): data refer to 1999 and come from 1999 Population Census Measurement: Percent of corresponding total for both sexes , Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (2000): data refer to 1999 and come from 1999 Population Census Country: Belgium 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Bulgaria 1990 : data refer to 1993. Country: Canada 1980 : age group 25-29 refers to 25-44; age group 45-49 refers to 45-54; age group 55-59 refers to 55-64; age group 65-69 refers to 65+. 1990 : age group 25-29 refers to 25-34; age group 35-39 refers to 35-44; age group 45-49 refers to 45-54; age group 55-59 refers to 55-64. from 1995 onwards: age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Croatia 1990 : data refer to 1991. 2000 : data refer to 1998. Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1990 : data refer to 1992. 1995 : official estimates. Country: Czechia 1990 : data refer to 1991. Country: Denmark 1980 : data refer to 1985. 1995 and 2000 : age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Estonia 1990 and 1995 : data refer to the economically active population aged 15-69. From 2000 : data refer to the economically active population aged 15-74. Country: Finland Data refer to the economically active population aged 15-74. Country: France Since 2014 data include the French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Reunion) with the exception of Mayotte. Measurement: Active persons (in thousands) , Country: Georgia Active population - Age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Measurement: Percent of corresponding total for both sexes , Country: Georgia Active population - Age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Germany 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Greece 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Iceland 1980 : data are based on registers. 1990 : data refer to 1991. From 1990 : age group 15+ refers to 16-74; age group 15-19 refers to 16-19; age group 70+ refers to 70-74. Country: Ireland 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Israel 1995: data are from 1995 Census. As of 2001 data are based on new weighting groups. As of 2009, data are based on the 2008 Population Census estimates and on updated definition of the labour force characteristics. From 2012 active population age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Italy 1980-1990 : data refer to the economically active population aged 14+, which includes the persons who have been seeking employment in the last 6 months. From 1995 : data refer to the economically active population aged 15+, which includes the persons who have been seeking employment in the last 30 days. Country: Kazakhstan 1990 data refer to 1989. 1995 data refer to 1997. From 2013 - active population age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Kyrgyzstan 1990 : data refer to 1989. 2000 : data comes from 1999 Population Census. 2003: break in series: change in methodology. From 2011 active population age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Latvia 1990 : data refer to 1989. 1995 : data refer to 1996. Country: Lithuania 1990 : data refer to 1989. 1995 : data refer to 1997. Country: Luxembourg 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Malta 2000 : data refer to 1999. Country: Moldova, Republic of From 2011 age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Montenegro Some data not shown due to lack of reliability (CV>=0.3). Country: Netherlands 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Norway From 1995: age group 70+ refers to the age group 70-74. Country: Poland 1990 : data refer 1992. Country: Portugal 1990 : age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Romania 1990 : official estimates. 1995 : data refer to the economically active population aged 14+. Age group 70+ refers to the age group 70-74. Country: Russian Federation 1990 : data refer to 1989. 2000 : data refer to 1999. 1995 : age group 30-34 refers to 30-49; age group 60-64 refers to 60+. From 2000 : age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Serbia From 2000 : data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. From 2007 active population age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Slovenia 1990 : data refer to 1991. Country: Spain Age group 70+ refers to the age group 70-74. Country: Sweden Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. 1980 and 1995-2005 : data refer to the economically active population aged 16+. 1990 : data refer to the economically active population aged 16-64. Country: Switzerland From 2000: age group 70+ refers to the age group 70-74. Country: Turkey 2000 : data refer to 1999. 1980-2000 : data refer to the economically active population aged 12+. Age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Ukraine Data refer to the age group 15-70, excluding institutional population. Geographical coverage: excludes zone I and II contaminated by the radiation from Chernobyl. Country: United Kingdom 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: United States Data refer to the economically active population aged 16+. Active population age group 65-69 refers to 65+.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat) official sources. Definition: The unemployed are all the persons above a specific age who, during the reference period, were: (a) without work, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment, and (b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period, and (c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified reference period to seek paid employment or self-employment. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The long-term unemployed are the persons who have been unemployed for 12 months or more. The long-term unemployment rate is the share of the long-term unemployed in the total unemployed population. General note: Data comes from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Units of measurement: Long-term unemployed persons are shown in thousands. Long-term unemployed rates are shown as a percentage of all unemployed persons.Country: AlbaniaChange in definition (1995 - 2012): Data refer to registered long-term unemployment.Country: ArmeniaUp to 2006: data refer to the population aged 16-63 and based on administrative register. Break in methodlogy: 2007 data refer to population aged 16-75. Break in methodlogy: from 2008 data refer to the population aged 15-75 and compiled according to ILO definition. Break in methodlogy: from 2007 to 2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards. Break in methodlogy: since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey.Country: BelarusData refer to registered unemployment.Country: Belgium 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Bulgaria 1990 : data refer to 1993.Country: CanadaData do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk ).Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1980-1990 : data refer to the persons who have been unemployed for 6 months or more.Country: Czechia 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: Denmark 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Estonia 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: France Data do not cover the overseas departments (DOM). 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: GeorgiaTerritorial change (2002 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali RegionCountry: Germany 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Greece 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: IcelandChange in definition (1990): Data refer to population aged 16-74. Data refer to 1991.Country: IcelandChange in definition (1995 - 2013): Data refer to population aged 16-74.Country: Ireland 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdfCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.fCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdfCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdfCountry: IsraelChange in definition (1980): Data refers to population 14+.Country: IsraelChange in definition (2005): 1) Update of the definitions of labour force characteristics; 2) Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdfCountry: Italy 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: KyrgyzstanBreak in methodlogy (2002): Data are based on household surveyCountry: KyrgyzstanBreak in methodlogy (2003): From 2003, data are based on household income and labour force surveys.Country: KyrgyzstanChange in definition (1995 - 2001): Data refer to registered long-term unemployment.Country: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996 and to the persons who have been unemployed for 13 months or more. 1995/2000 : break in series due to adjustment to the results of 2000 Population Census.Country: Luxembourg 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Moldova, Republic ofData exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of BenderCountry: Netherlands 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Poland 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: Portugal 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Romania 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: Russian FederationChange in definition (1990 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 yearsCountry: Russian FederationReference period (1990): Data refer to 1992Country: Russian FederationTerritorial change (1990 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen RepublicCountry: SerbiaData do not cover Kosovo and Metohija.Country: Slovenia 1995 : data refer to 1996.Country: Spain 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Switzerland Data refer to the permanent resident population. 1990 : data refer to 1991.Country: TurkeyBreak in series (2014): Since 2014 series are not comparable with the previous years due to methodological changes in LFS.Country: TurkeyBreak in methodlogy (2004): Data are revised according to the 2008 population projections.Country: UkraineChange in definition (2000 - 2012): Data present the number of unemployed (ILO definition) aged 15-70 years who is seeking work 12 months or more.Country: UkraineTerritorial change (2000 - 2012): Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster.Country: United Kingdom 1990 : data refer to 1992.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources. Definition:Police staff or law enforcement personnel: personnel in public agencies whose principal functions are prevention, detection and investigation of crime and the apprehension of alleged offenders. Data focus on the civil police rather than on the national guard or local militia. Data concerning support staff (secretaries, clerks etc.) are not included. General note: Reference period: any fixed date of the year. .. - data not availableCountry: BulgariaBreak in methodlogy (2000 - 2007): Data correspond to percentage of total police staff.Country: CanadaData based on National Occupational Classification 2006.Country: CanadaData exclude the 3 northern territories.Country: CyprusReference period (2008): Data refer to 2009.Country: CyprusTerritorial change (2006 onward): Government controlled area only.Country: CzechiaData refer to employees in service relationship.Country: EstoniaBreak in methodlogy (2010): Amalgamation of police and border organizations.Country: FranceChange in definition (1995 - 2005): Data exclude police superintendents and majors, and peace corps.Country: FranceReference period (1995): Data refer to 1996.Country: France2015: Data include police staff with fixed-term contracts.Country: GeorgiaTerritorial change (2005 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region.Country: GermanyChange in definition (2000 - 2012): Support staff, whose terms and conditions of employment is laid down by public law, is included.Country: GreeceChange in definition (2007 onward): Data include all ranks of police officers, excluding civilian staff, customs officers, tax police, military police, secret service police, part-time officers, special duty police reserves, cadets, court police.Country: LithuaniaReference period (2001 - 2012): Reference period: selected day of the year ? at the end of the year (December 31).Country: Moldova, Republic ofData exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of BenderCountry: SwedenChange in nomenclature from ISCO-88 to ISCO-08 between 2013 and 2014.Measurement: Police staff , Country: SwitzerlandData are rounded by multiple of 1000.Country: SwitzerlandBreak in methodlogy (2010): As of 2010, data are estimated from structural surveys realised annually within the framework of the new population census.Country: United KingdomAdditional information (2003 - onwards): Data covers the 43 police forces of England and Wales.Country: United KingdomReference period (2003 - onwards): Officers in post on 31 March of each year.Country: United KingdomSignificance (2003 - onwards): Officers in post (head count). Excludes police civilian staff, police community support officers, designated officers, traffic wardens and special constables.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, OECD, UN) official sources. Definition: Population, as referred to the System of National Accounts 1993, is the annual average number of persons present in the economic territory of a country, including institutional population. Employment, as referred to the System of National Accounts 1993, covers all persons - both employees and self-employed - engaged in a productive activity that falls within the production boundary of the system. It includes both the residents and the non-residents who work for resident producer units. In case of deviation, the actual definition is provided in the country footnote. Population data provided in this table may slightly differ from population data provided in Gender Statistics, due to the use of different sources. Employment data provided in this table generally differ from employment data provided in Gender Statistics, which cover only residents. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. As a result, absolute figures presented in this table may differ from those published by National Statistical Offices and should be taken with caution. However, the derived growth rates correspond to the originally reported series. Regional aggregates are computed by UNECE secretariat. For more details see the composition of regions note. .. - data not available Country: Albania Population: estimates from UN Population Division - may differ from national data. Employment: From 2007 data according to the Labour Force Survey. Country: Armenia Employment: LFS - based. Country: Azerbaijan Geographical coverage: excludes Nagorno-Karabakh. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS - based. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Geographical coverage: Data on total population/ total employment cover the whole country, i.e. the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. Country: Croatia Employment: LFS-based. Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France include the overseas departments (DOM). Country: Georgia Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: Register-based. Country: Israel Employment: LFS-based. Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Kazakhstan Employment: LFS-based. Country: Lithuania Employment: LFS-based. Country: Moldova, Republic of Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Country: Romania Employment: LFS-based. For the years 1990-2001 UNECE estimates. Country: Russian Federation Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Geographical Coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Employment: LFS - based. Country: Tajikistan Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Measurement: Growth rate , Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Employment: LFS-based. Country: Turkey Population: estimates from UN Population Division - may differ from national data. Employment: annual breakdowns by activity and quarterly data are LFS-based. Country: Turkmenistan Population: estimates from UN Population Division - may differ from national data. Country: Ukraine Employment: LFS-based. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The unemployed are all the persons above a specific age who, during the reference period, were: (a) without work, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment, and (b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period, and (c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified reference period to seek paid employment or self-employment. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The unemployment rate is the share (in per cent) of the unemployed in the labour force (employed + unemployed). Total unemployment rate provided in this table may slightly differ from total unemployment rate provided in Economic Statistics, due to the use of different sources. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified in country footnotes. Country: Albania Change in definition (1990 - 2006): Data refer to registered unemployment. Country: Albania Change in definition (1990 - 2012): Data refer to registered unemployment. Country: Armenia Up to 2006: data refer to the population aged 16-63 and based on the administrative register. Break in methodlogy: 2007 data refer to population aged 16-75. Break in methodlogy: from 2008 data refer to the population aged 15-75 and compiled according to ILO definition. Break in methodlogy: from 2007 to 2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards. Break in methodlogy: since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Austria 1980-1990: data refer to national definition (Life Subsistence Concept). From 1995: data comply with ILO definition. 1980: data refer to 1981. Age group 60-64 refers to 60+. Country: Azerbaijan 2004-2005: data refer to official estimates; males aged 15-61 and females 15-56. Country: Belarus Data refer to registered unemployment. Country: Belgium 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Bulgaria 1990: data refer to 1993. Data refer to population aged 15-74. Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1995/2000 : break in series due to change in methodology. Country: Denmark 1980: data refer to 1983. Data refer to population aged 15-66. Country: Estonia Data refer to population aged 15-74. Prior to 1997 data refer to population aged 15-69. Age group 55-59 refers to 55-74. Country: Finland Data refer to the population aged 15-74. 1980/1990 : break in series due to change in methodology. Country: France Data do not cover the overseas departments (DOM). Country: Georgia Data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Greece 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Hungary 1990: data refer to 1992. Data refer to population aged 15-74. Country: Iceland Break in methodlogy (2003): Break in serie because of change to continuous survey every week of the year. Country: Iceland Change in definition (1980 - 2013): Data refer to population aged 16-74. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. Country: Iceland Reference period (1980): Data refer to 1981 Country: Iceland Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1991 Country: Ireland 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Israel 1995-2000 : age group 15-19 refers to 15-17; age group 20-24 refers to 18-24; age group 25-49 refers to 25-54. Country: Italy 1980-1990 : data refer to the persons aged 14+, who have been seeking employment in the last 6 months. From 1995 : data refer to the persons aged 15+, who have been seeking employment in the last 30 days. Country: Kyrgyzstan 2000,2001, 2003-2011: data refer to registered unemployed persons. 2002: data are based on household survey. Country: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996. 1995/2000 : break in series due to adjustment to the results of 2000 Population Census. Country: Lithuania 1995 : data refer to 1997. Country: Netherlands 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Norway Prior to 2005 age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. Country: Poland 1990 : data refer to 1992. Country: Romania 1995: data refer to the population aged 14+. Age group 60-64 refers to 60+. Country: Russian Federation 1990: data refer to 1992. Before 2006: data do not cover the Chechen Republic. Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Spain Data refer to population aged 16-74. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. Country: Sweden 1980 : data refer to the population aged 16+. From 1990 : data refer to the population aged 16-64. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. 1995-2000 : break in series due to change in methodology. Country: Switzerland 1990 : data refer to 1991. 1990-2002 : age group 15-19 refers to 15-24; age group 25-49 refers to 25-54; age group 55-59 refers to 55-64. Country: Tajikistan Change in definition (2004 - 2009): Data for age group 60-64 refers to 60-75. Country: Turkey Break in series (2014): Since 2014 series are not comparable with the previous years due to methodological changes in LFS. Country: Turkey From 2004, data are revised according to the new population projections. Country: Ukraine From 2014 data cover the territories under the government control. Country: Ukraine Data refer to the population aged 15-70. 1995 : data refer to registered unemployment. Country: United Kingdom Data refer to the population aged 16+. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. Country: United States Data refer to the population aged 16+. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. As of 2000, age-group 25-49 refers to 25-54 and 55-59 refers to 55-64. Country: Uzbekistan Data refer to registered unemployment. Country: Uzbekistan Data for 1995-2006 refer to persons officially registered as unemployed. Since 2007 data refer to de facto unemployed population.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (EUROSTAT, OECD, CIS) official sources. Definition: The unemployment rate is the share (in per cent) of the unemployed in the labour force. Unemployment data provided in this table may differ from unemployment data provided in Gender Statistics, due to the use of different sources. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), unless otherwise specified in country footnotes. The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. As a result, figures presented in this table may differ from those published by National Statistical Offices. .. - data not available Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Armenia Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Belarus Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France do not include the overseas departments (DOM). Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Georgia Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Moldova, Republic of Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Russian Federation From 2006 includes data on Chechen Republic. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Tajikistan Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Ukraine Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Uzbekistan Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (EUROSTAT, OECD, CIS) official sources. Definition: The unemployment rate is the share (in per cent) of the unemployed in the labour force. Unemployment data provided in this table may differ from unemployment data provided in Gender Statistics, due to the use of different sources. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), unless otherwise specified in country footnotes. The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. As a result, figures presented in this table may differ from those published by National Statistical Offices. Regional aggregates are computed by UNECE secretariat. For more details, see the composition of regions note. Country: Albania Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Country: Armenia Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Country: Belarus Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France do not include the overseas departments (DOM). Country: Georgia Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Liechtenstein Unemployment: Break in series, from year 2006 data according to ILO definition. Data up to year 2005 included border workers from neighboring countries. Country: Moldova, Republic of Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Country: Serbia Geographical Coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Tajikistan Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Country: Ukraine Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: Uzbekistan Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The young unemployed are all the persons aged 15-24 who, during the reference period, were: (a) without work, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment, and (b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period, and (c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified reference period to seek paid employment or self-employment. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The youth unemployment rate is the share of the young unemployed in the active population (employed + unemployed) aged 15-24. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. For the following countries, data come from the comparable harmonized unemployment statistics produced by EUROSTAT and OECD: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States.Country: AlbaniaChange in definition (1990 - 2012): Data refer to registered unemployment.Country: Armenia 2008: break in series.Country: Austria 1990 : data refer to national definition (Life Subsistence Concept). From 1995 : data comply with ILO definition.Country: BelarusData refer to registered unemployment.Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus.Country: France Data do not cover the overseas departments (DOM).Country: Georgia Data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali).Country: IcelandBreak in methodlogy (2003): Break in serie because of change to continuous survey every week of the year.Country: IcelandChange in definition (1980 - 2013): Data refer to population aged 16-74. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19.Country: IcelandReference period (1980): Data refer to 1981Country: IcelandReference period (1990): Data refer to 1991Country: Israel From 2006 data refer to ave group 18-24.Country: Italy 1990 : data refer to the persons aged 14-24, who have been seeking employment in the last 6 months. From 1995 : data refer to the persons aged 15-24, who have been seeking employment in the last 30 days.Country: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996. 1995/2000 : break in series due to adjustment to the results of 2000 Population Census.Country: Romania 1995 : data refer to the age group 14-24.Country: Russian Federation 1990 : data refer to 1992. Before 2006: data do not cover the Chechen Republic.Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija.Country: Sweden Data refer to the age group 16-24. 1995-2000 : break in series due to change in methodology.Country: TajikistanChange in definition (2004 - 2009): Data for age group 60-64 refers to 60-75.Country: Ukraine Data do not cover the persons who are still living in the area of Chernobyl contaminated with radioactive material. Data do not cover the persons who are living in institutions and those who are working in the army.Country: United Kingdom Data refer to the age group 16-24.Country: United States Data refer to the age group 16-24.