オランダ

The source for regional typology statistics are regional indicators at NUTS level 3 published on the Eurostat website or existing in the Eurostat production database. The structure of this domain is as follows: - Metropolitan regions (met)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/metropolitan-regions/overview - Maritime policy indicators (mare)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/maritime-policy-indicators/overview - Urban-rural typology (urt)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/rural-development/overview

Intellectual property refers broadly to the creations of the human mind. Intellectual property rights protect the interests of creators by giving them property rights over their creations. Designs constitute means by which creators seek protection for their industrial property. Designs reflect the non-technological innovation in every sector of economic life, including services. In this context, indicators based on Design data can provide a link between innovation and the market. A design is the outward appearance of a product or part of it, resulting from the lines, contours, colours, shape, texture, materials and/or its ornamentation. The design or shape of a product can be synonymous with the branding and image of a company and can become an asset with increasing monetary value. This domain provides users with data concerning Community Designs. Community Designs refer to design protections throughout the European Union, which covers 28 countries. The Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (EUIPO) is the official office of the European Union for the registration of Community Trade marks and Designs. A registered Community design (RCD) is an exclusive right that covers the outward appearance of a product or part of it. The fact that the right is registered confers on the design great certainty should infringement occur. An RCD initially has a life of five years from the filing date and can be renewed in blocks of five years up to a maximum of 25 years. Applicants may market a design for up to 12 months before filing for an RCD without destroying its novelty (Source: EUIPO).

Statistical population: CLIs are calculated for 33 OECD countries (Iceland is not included), 6 non-member economies and 8 zone aggregates. A country CLI comprises a set of component series selected from a wide range of key short-term economic indicators.   CLIs, reference series data (see below) and standardised business and consumer confidence indicators are presented in various forms.   Recommended uses and limitations: The composite leading indicator is a times series, formed by aggregating a variety of component indicators which show a reasonably consistent relationship with a reference series (e.g. industrial production IIP up to March 2012 and since then the reference series is GDP) at turning points. The OECD CLI is designed to provide qualitative information on short-term economic movements, especially at the turning points, rather than quantitative measures. Therefore, the main message of CLI movements over time is the increase or decrease, rather than the amplitude of the changes. The OECD’s headline indicator is the amplitude adjusted CLI. In practice, turning points in the de-trended reference series have been found about 4 to 8 months (on average) after the signals of turning points had been detected in the headline CLI.

Citation: Damodaran, Aswath, Equity Risk Premiums (ERP): Determinants, Estimation and Implications – The 2016 Edition (March 5, 2016). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2742186 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2742186   This dataset summarizes the latest bond ratings and appropriate default spreads for different countries. While you can use these numbers as rough estimates of country risk premiums, you may want to modify the premia to reflect the additional risk of equity markets. To estimate the long term country equity risk premium, I start with a default spread, which I obtain in one of two ways: (1) I use the local currency sovereign rating (from Moody's: www.moodys.com) and estimate the default spread for that rating (based upon traded country bonds) over a default free government bond rate. For countries without a Moody's rating but with an S&P rating, I use the Moody's equivalent of the S&P rating. To get the default spreads by sovereign rating, I use the CDS spreads and compute the average CDS spread by rating. Using that number as a basis, I extrapolate for those ratings for which I have no CDS spreads. (2) I start with the CDS spread for the country, if one is available and subtract out the US CDS spread, since my mature market premium is derived from the US market. That difference becomes the country spread. For the few countries that have CDS spreads that are lower than the US, I will get a negative number. You can add just this default spread to the mature market premium to arrive at the total equity risk premium. I add an additional step. In the short term especially, the equity country risk premium is likely to be greater than the country's default spread. You can estimate an adjusted country risk premium by multiplying the default spread by the relative equity market volatility for that market (Std dev in country equity market/Std dev in country bond). I have used the emerging market average of 1.12 (estimated by comparing a emerging market equity index to an emerging market government/public bond index) to estimate country risk premium.I have added this to my estimated risk premium of 5.08% for mature markets (obtained by looking at the implied premium for the S&P 500) to get the total risk premium. Notes:  The year of publication has been considered as per publication date. For example, data published on 2018-Jan considered as 2018, similarly 2019-Jan as 2019    

The OECD Economic Outlook analyses the major economic trends over the coming 2 years. It provides in-depth coverage of the main economic issues and the policy measures required to foster growth in each member country. Forthcoming developments in major non-OECD economies are also evaluated in detail. Each edition of the Outlook provides a unique resource to keep abreast of world economic developments. The OECD Economic Outlook database is a comprehensive and consistent macroeconomic database of the OECD economies, covering expenditures, foreign trade, output, labour markets, interest and exchange rates, balance of payments and government debt. For the non-OECD regions, foreign trade and current account series are available. Variables are defined in such a way that they are as homogenous as possible for the countries covered. Breaks in underlying series are corrected as far as possible. Sources for the historical data are publications of national statistical agencies and OECD data bases such as Quarterly National Accounts, Annual National Accounts, Labour Force Statistics and Main Economic Indicators. The cut-off date for information used in the compilation of the projections was June 1, 2023. The aggregation of world trade takes into account the projections made for the main non-OECD economies. Thus, besides OECD and the OECD euro area, the following regions are available: Dynamic Asian Economies (Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam); Oil Producers (Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan Bahrain, Brunei, Chad, Rep. of Congo, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Venezuela); with the remaining countries in a residual 'Rest of the World' group.

The OECD, in cooperation with the EU, has developed a harmonised definition of urban areas which overcomes previous limitations linked to administrative definitions (OECD, 2012). According to this definition an urban area is a functional economic unit characterised by densely inhabited “city core” and “commuting zone” whose labour market is highly integrated with the core. The Metropolitan database provides indicators of 649 OECD metropolitan areas identified in 33 OECD countries and the functional urban areas of Colombia. Comparable values of population, GDP, employment, and other indicators are presented.

6.1. Reference area

Eurostat Dataset Id:enpr_ecnagdp The domain focuses on the Eastern European Neighbourhood Policy countries (ENP): Armenia (AM), Azerbaijan (AZ), Belarus (BY), Georgia (GE), Moldova (MD) and the Ukraine (UA). Data are provided for 200 to 300 indicators.

The yearly “EU energy in figures - statistical pocketbook” provides an annual overview of energy-related structural statistics in the EU and in individual EU countries. Data cited at: European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy, EU energy in figures – Statistical pocketbook 2023, Publications Office of the European Union, 2023, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/502436

Dataset includes European Economic economic forecast releases from Autumn 2017 through Winter 2023.

Intellectual property refers broadly to the creations of the human mind. Intellectual property rights protect the interests of creators by giving them property rights over their creations. Trade marks constitute means by which creators seek protection for their industrial property. Trade marks reflect the non-technological innovation in every sector of economic life, including services. In this context, indicators based on Trade mark data can provide a link between innovation and the market. Trade marks such as words or figurative marks are an essential part of the “identity” of goods and services. They help deliver brand recognition, in logos for example, and play an important role in marketing and communication. It is possible to register a variety of Trade marks including words, other graphical representations, and even sounds. Rights owners have a choice of obtaining protection on a country-by-country basis, or using international systems. This domain provides users with data concerning European Union Trade marks. European Union Trade marks refer to trade mark protections throughout the European Union, which covers 28 countries. The European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) is the official office of the European Union for the registration of European Union Trade marks and Designs. A European Union Trade mark is an exclusive right that protects distinctive signs, valid across the EU, registered directly with EUIPO in Alicante in accordance with the conditions specified in the EUTM Regulations (Source: EUIPO).

The financial indicators in this dataset are derived from OECD countries’ financial accounts (transactions): they give a picture of the short-term behavior of institutional sectors. They comprise for instance: Net financial transactions of the general government, as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which corresponds to the general government deficit; Transactions in financial assets of Households and NPISHs, as a percentage of Households Gross Disposable Income (GDI); Transactions in liabilities of Households and NPISHs, as a percentage of GDI.

Note: " Degree of openness (in%) value for 2019 has been modified from 13 to 0.13 as it looks printing mistake at the source. There is no evidence to shoot up in 2019.

Macro Economic indicators for Afghanistan 

National accounts are a coherent set of macroeconomic indicators, which provide an overall picture of the economic situation and are widely used for economic analysis and forecasting, policy design and policy making. The data presented in this collection are the results of a pilot exercise on the sharing selected main GDP aggregates, population and employment data collected by different international organisations. It wasconducted by the Task Force in International Data Collection (TFIDC) which was established by the  Inter-Agency Group on Economic and Financial Statistics (IAG).  The goal of this pilot is to develop a set of commonly shared principles and working arrangements for data cooperation that could be implemented by the international agencies. The data sets are an experimental exercise to present national accounts data form various countries across the globe in one coherent folder, but users should be aware that these data are collected and validated by different organisations and not fully harmonised from a methodological point of view.  The domain consists of the following collections:

National accounts are a coherent set of macroeconomic indicators, which provide an overall picture of the economic situation and are widely used for economic analysis and forecasting, policy design and policy making. The data presented in this collection are the results of a pilot exercise on the sharing selected main GDP aggregates, population and employment data collected by different international organisations. It wasconducted by the Task Force in International Data Collection (TFIDC) which was established by the  Inter-Agency Group on Economic and Financial Statistics (IAG).  The goal of this pilot is to develop a set of commonly shared principles and working arrangements for data cooperation that could be implemented by the international agencies. The data sets are an experimental exercise to present national accounts data form various countries across the globe in one coherent folder, but users should be aware that these data are collected and validated by different organisations and not fully harmonised from a methodological point of view.  The domain consists of the following collections:

Data in this domain constitute only a small part of the entire National Accounts data range available from Eurostat. Annual and quarterly national accounts are compiled in accordance with the European System of Accounts - ESA 2010 as defined in Annex B of the Council Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013. The previous European System of Accounts, ESA95, was reviewed to bring national accounts in the European Union, in line with new economic environment, advances in methodological research and needs of users and the updated national accounts framework at the international level, the SNA 2008. The revisions are reflected in an updated Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union of 2010 (ESA 2010). The associated transmission programme is also updated and data transmissions in accordance with ESA 2010 are compulsory from September 2014 onwards. Further information on the transition from ESA 95 to ESA 2010 is presented on the Eurostat website. The annual data of this domain consists of the following collections: 1. Main GDP aggregates: main components from the output, expenditure and income side. nama_10_gdp: GDP and main components (output, expenditure and income) The quarterly data of this domain consists of the following collections 1. Main GDP aggregates, main components from the output, expenditure and income side, expenditure breakdowns by industry and assets. namq_10_ma: Main GDP aggregatesnamq_10_gdp: GDP and main components (output, expenditure and income)namq_10_fcs: Final consumption aggregates by durabilitynamq_10_exi: Exports and imports by Member States of the EU/third countries 2. Breakdowns of GDP aggregates and employment data by main industries and asset classes. namq_10_bbr: Basic breakdowns main GDP aggregates and employment (by industry and assets)namq_10_a10: Gross value added and income by A*10 industrynamq_10_an6: Gross fixed capital formation by AN_F6 asset typenamq_10_a10_e: Employment by A*10 industry breakdowns Geographical entities covered are the European Union, the euro area, EU Member States, Candidate Countries, EFTA countries, US, Japan and possibly other countries on an ad-hoc basis. Data sources: National Statistical Institutes.

Data in this domain constitute only a small part of the entire National Accounts data range available from Eurostat. Annual and quarterly national accounts are compiled in accordance with the European System of Accounts - ESA 2010 as defined in Annex B of the Council Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013. The previous European System of Accounts, ESA95, was reviewed to bring national accounts in the European Union, in line with new economic environment, advances in methodological research and needs of users and the updated national accounts framework at the international level, the SNA 2008. The revisions are reflected in an updated Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union of 2010 (ESA 2010). The associated transmission programme is also updated and data transmissions in accordance with ESA 2010 are compulsory from September 2014 onwards. Further information on the transition from ESA 95 to ESA 2010 is presented on the Eurostat website. The annual data of this domain consists of the following collections: 1. Main GDP aggregates: main components from the output, expenditure and income side.nama_10_gdp: GDP and main components (output, expenditure and income) The quarterly data of this domain consists of the following collections 1. Main GDP aggregates, main components from the output, expenditure and income side, expenditure breakdowns by industry and assets. namq_10_ma: Main GDP aggregatesnamq_10_gdp: GDP and main components (output, expenditure and income)namq_10_fcs: Final consumption aggregates by durabilitynamq_10_exi: Exports and imports by Member States of the EU/third countries 2. Breakdowns of GDP aggregates and employment data by main industries and asset classes. namq_10_bbr: Basic breakdowns main GDP aggregates and employment (by industry and assets)namq_10_a10: Gross value added and income by A*10 industrynamq_10_an6: Gross fixed capital formation by AN_F6 asset typenamq_10_a10_e: Employment by A*10 industry breakdowns Geographical entities covered are the European Union, the euro area, EU Member States, Candidate Countries, EFTA countries, US, Japan and possibly other countries on an ad-hoc basis. Data sources: National Statistical Institutes.

This dataset provides information on gross domestic product (GDP), total and per capita at current and constant (2010) prices also it contains annual average growth rates of gross domestic product (GDP), total and per capita, in per cent. The total GDP is expressed in millions of dollars, while GDP per capita is expressed in dollars.

Data from 1st of December 2019. For most recent GDP data, consult dataset nama_10_gdp. Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure for the economic activity. It is defined as the value of all goods and services produced less the value of any goods or services used in their creation. The volume index of GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) is expressed in relation to the European Union average set to equal 100. If the index of a country is higher than 100, this country's level of GDP per head is higher than the EU average and vice versa. Basic figures are expressed in PPS, i.e. a common currency that eliminates the differences in price levels between countries allowing meaningful volume comparisons of GDP between countries. Please note that the index, calculated from PPS figures and expressed with respect to EU27_2020 = 100, is intended for cross-country comparisons rather than for temporal comparisons."

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified.Country/Region: IsraelDesignation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Albania Currency: Albanian lek (ALL). Country: Armenia Currency: Armenian dram (AMD), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Austria Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Austrian Schilling (ATS); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 13.7603 ATS/€. Country: Azerbaijan Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belarus Currency: Belarusian rouble (BYR) redenominated at 1:10 in 1994, at 1:1000 in 2000, and again 1:10000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belgium Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina, convertible marka (BAM). Geographical coverage: GDP and population cover the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. Country: Bulgaria Currency : Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Canada Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD). Country: Croatia Currency: Croatian kuna (HRK), replaced the Croat dinar at 1:1000 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Cyprus Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €. Country: Czechia Currency : Czech koruna (CZK). Country: Denmark Currency : Danish krone (DKK). Country: Estonia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2011 - Estonian kroon (EEK), replaced the Soviet rouble in 1992 with a peg to the deutsche mark (8:1). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Finland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Finnish markka (FIM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 5.94573 FIM/€. Country: France Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - French franc (FRF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 6.55957 FRF/€. Country: Georgia Currency: Georgian lari (GEL), replaced the lari-kupon at 1: 1000000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Official data for Germany after unification are available only from 1991 onwards. Country: Greece Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€. Country: Hungary Currency : Hungarian forint (HUF). Country: Iceland Currency: Iceland krona (ISK). Country: Ireland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Irish Punt (IEP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 0.787564 IEP/€. Country: Israel Currency: New shekel (ILS). Geographical coverage: Designation and data provided by Israel.The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Italy Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Italian Lira (ITL); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1936.27 ITL/€. Country: Kazakhstan Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1992. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Kyrgyzstan Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS). Country: Latvia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2014 - Latvian lat (LVL), replaced Latvian rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Lithuania Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2015 - Lithuanian litas (LTL). All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Luxembourg Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Luxembourg Franc (LUF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 LUF/€. Country: Malta Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into euro. Country: Moldova, Republic of Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL). Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Transnistria. Country: Montenegro Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Country: Netherlands Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Dutch Guilder (NLG); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 2.20371 NLG/€. Country: Norway Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK). Country: Poland Currency : Polish zloty (PLZ), redenominated at 1:10000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Portugal Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Portuguese Escudo (PTE); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 200.482 PTE/€. Country: Romania Currency: New Romanian leu (RON). Country: Russian Federation Currency: Russian rouble (RUB), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1998. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD). Geographical coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Slovenia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€. Country: Spain Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Spanish Peseta (ESP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 166.386 ESP/€. Country: Sweden Currency : Swedish krona (SEK). Country: Switzerland Currency: Swiss franc (CHF). Country: Tajikistan Currency : Tajik somoni (TJS), replaced the Tajik rouble at 1:1000 in 2000. The Tajik rouble replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:100 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Currency : Macedonian denar (MKD), replaced the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 in 1992, redenominated at 1:100 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Turkey Currency : Turkish lira (TRL). Country: Turkmenistan Currency : Turkmen manat (TMM), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Ukraine Currency : Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH), replaced the former karbovanets at 1:100000 in 1996. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: United Kingdom Currency: British pound (GBP). Country: United States Currency: United States dollar (USD). Country: Uzbekistan Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Albania Currency: Albanian lek (ALL). Country: Armenia Currency: Armenian dram (AMD), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Austria Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Austrian Schilling (ATS); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 13.7603 ATS/€. Country: Azerbaijan Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belarus Currency: Belarusian rouble (BYR) redenominated at 1:10 in 1994, at 1:1000 in 2000, and again 1:10000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belgium Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina, convertible marka (BAM). Geographical coverage: GDP and population cover the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. Country: Bulgaria Currency : Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Canada Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD). Country: Croatia Currency: Croatian kuna (HRK), replaced the Croat dinar at 1:1000 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Cyprus Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €. Country: Czechia Currency : Czech koruna (CZK). Country: Denmark Currency : Danish krone (DKK). Country: Estonia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2011 - Estonian kroon (EEK), replaced the Soviet rouble in 1992 with a peg to the deutsche mark (8:1). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Finland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Finnish markka (FIM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 5.94573 FIM/€. Country: France Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - French franc (FRF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 6.55957 FRF/€. Country: Georgia Currency: Georgian lari (GEL), replaced the lari-kupon at 1: 1000000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Official data for Germany after unification are available only from 1991 onwards. Country: Greece Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€. Country: Hungary Currency : Hungarian forint (HUF). Country: Iceland Currency: Iceland krona (ISK). Country: Ireland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Irish Punt (IEP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 0.787564 IEP/€. Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Israel Currency: New shekel (ILS). Geographical coverage: Designation and data provided by Israel.The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Italy Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Italian Lira (ITL); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1936.27 ITL/€. Country: Kazakhstan Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1992. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Kyrgyzstan Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS). Country: Latvia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2014 - Latvian lat (LVL), replaced Latvian rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Lithuania Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2015 - Lithuanian litas (LTL). All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Luxembourg Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Luxembourg Franc (LUF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 LUF/€. Country: Malta Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into euro. Country: Moldova, Republic of Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL). Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Transnistria. Country: Montenegro Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Country: Netherlands Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Dutch Guilder (NLG); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 2.20371 NLG/€. Country: Norway Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK). Country: Poland Currency : Polish zloty (PLZ), redenominated at 1:10000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Portugal Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Portuguese Escudo (PTE); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 200.482 PTE/€. Country: Romania Currency: New Romanian leu (RON). Country: Russian Federation Currency: Russian rouble (RUB), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1998. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD). Geographical coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Slovenia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€. Country: Spain Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Spanish Peseta (ESP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 166.386 ESP/€. Country: Sweden Currency : Swedish krona (SEK). Country: Switzerland Currency: Swiss franc (CHF). Country: Tajikistan Currency : Tajik somoni (TJS), replaced the Tajik rouble at 1:1000 in 2000. The Tajik rouble replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:100 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Currency : Macedonian denar (MKD), replaced the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 in 1992, redenominated at 1:100 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Turkey Currency : Turkish lira (TRL). Country: Turkmenistan Currency : Turkmen manat (TMM), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Ukraine Currency : Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH), replaced the former karbovanets at 1:100000 in 1996. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: United Kingdom Currency: British pound (GBP). Country: United States Currency: United States dollar (USD). Country: Uzbekistan Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

GDP: Expenditure Approach, in National Currency, by Country and Expenditure

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Albania Currency: Albanian lek (ALL). Country: Armenia Currency: Armenian dram (AMD), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Austria Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Austrian Schilling (ATS); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 13.7603 ATS/€. Country: Azerbaijan Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belarus Currency: Belarusian rouble (BYR) redenominated at 1:10 in 1994, at 1:1000 in 2000, and again 1:10000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belgium Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina, convertible marka (BAM). Geographical coverage: GDP and population cover the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. Country: Bulgaria Currency : Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Canada Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD). Country: Croatia Currency: Croatian kuna (HRK), replaced the Croat dinar at 1:1000 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Cyprus Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €. Country: Czechia Currency : Czech koruna (CZK). Country: Denmark Currency : Danish krone (DKK). Country: Estonia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2011 - Estonian kroon (EEK), replaced the Soviet rouble in 1992 with a peg to the deutsche mark (8:1). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Finland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Finnish markka (FIM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 5.94573 FIM/€. Country: France Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - French franc (FRF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 6.55957 FRF/€. Country: Georgia Currency: Georgian lari (GEL), replaced the lari-kupon at 1: 1000000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Official data for Germany after unification are available only from 1991 onwards. Country: Greece Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€. Country: Hungary Currency : Hungarian forint (HUF). Country: Iceland Currency: Iceland krona (ISK). Country: Ireland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Irish Punt (IEP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 0.787564 IEP/€. Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Israel Currency: New shekel (ILS). Geographical coverage: Designation and data provided by Israel.The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Italy Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Italian Lira (ITL); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1936.27 ITL/€. Country: Kazakhstan Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1992. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Kyrgyzstan Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS). Country: Latvia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2014 - Latvian lat (LVL), replaced Latvian rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Lithuania Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2015 - Lithuanian litas (LTL). All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Luxembourg Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Luxembourg Franc (LUF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 LUF/€. Country: Malta Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into euro. Country: Moldova, Republic of Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL). Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Transnistria. Country: Montenegro Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Country: Netherlands Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Dutch Guilder (NLG); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 2.20371 NLG/€. Country: Norway Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK). Country: Poland Currency : Polish zloty (PLZ), redenominated at 1:10000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Portugal Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Portuguese Escudo (PTE); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 200.482 PTE/€. Country: Romania Currency: New Romanian leu (RON). Country: Russian Federation Currency: Russian rouble (RUB), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1998. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD). Geographical coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Slovenia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€. Country: Spain Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Spanish Peseta (ESP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 166.386 ESP/€. Country: Sweden Currency : Swedish krona (SEK). Country: Switzerland Currency: Swiss franc (CHF). Country: Tajikistan Currency : Tajik somoni (TJS), replaced the Tajik rouble at 1:1000 in 2000. The Tajik rouble replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:100 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Currency : Macedonian denar (MKD), replaced the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 in 1992, redenominated at 1:100 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Turkey Currency : Turkish lira (TRL). Country: Turkmenistan Currency : Turkmen manat (TMM), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Ukraine Currency : Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH), replaced the former karbovanets at 1:100000 in 1996. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: United Kingdom Currency: British pound (GBP). Country: United States Currency: United States dollar (USD). Country: Uzbekistan Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Armenia Currency : Armenian dram (AMD). Country: Austria Currency : Euro (€). Country: Azerbaijan Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belarus Currency : Belarusian rouble (BYR), redenominated at 1:1000 in 2000 and redenominated at 1:10 000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belgium Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€. Country: Bulgaria Currency: Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Canada Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD). Country: Croatia Currency: Croatian kuna (HRK). Country: Cyprus Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €. Country: Czechia Currency: Czech koruna (CZK). Country: Denmark Currency: Danish krone (DKK). Country: Estonia Currency: Euro (€). Country: Finland Currency: Euro (€). Country: France Currency: Euro (€). Country: Georgia Currency: Georgian lari (GEL). Geographical coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Currency: Euro (€). Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Country: Greece Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€. Country: Hungary Currency: Hungarian forint (HUF). Country: Iceland Currency: Iceland krona (ISK). Country: Ireland Currency: Euro (€). Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Israel Currency: New shekel (ILS). Country: Italy Currency: Euro (€). Country: Kazakhstan Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT). Country: Kyrgyzstan Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS). Country: Latvia Currency: Euro (€). Country: Lithuania Currency: Euro (€). Country: Luxembourg Currency: Euro (€). Country: Malta Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into €. Country: Moldova, Republic of Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL). Geographical coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Country: Netherlands Currency: Euro (€). Country: Norway Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK). Country: Poland Currency: Polish zloty (PLZ). Country: Portugal Currency: Euro (€). Country: Russian Federation Currency: Russian rouble (RUB). Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD). Geographical coverage:from 1999 excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Slovenia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€. Country: Spain Currency: Euro (€). Country: Sweden Currency: Swedish krona (SEK). Country: Switzerland Currency: Swiss franc (CHF). Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Currency: Macedonian denar (MKD). Country: Turkey Currency: Turkish lira (TRY). Country: Ukraine Currency: Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH). Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: United Kingdom Currency: British pound (GBP). Country: United States Currency: United States dollar (USD).

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not availableCountry: IsraelDesignation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Albania Currency: Albanian lek (ALL). Country: Armenia Currency: Armenian dram (AMD), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Austria Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Austrian Schilling (ATS); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 13.7603 ATS/€. Country: Azerbaijan Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belarus Currency: Belarusian rouble (BYR) redenominated at 1:10 in 1994, at 1:1000 in 2000, and again 1:10000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belgium Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina, convertible marka (BAM). Geographical coverage: GDP and population cover the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. Country: Bulgaria Currency : Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Canada Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD). Country: Croatia Currency: Croatian kuna (HRK), replaced the Croat dinar at 1:1000 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Cyprus Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €. Country: Czechia Currency : Czech koruna (CZK). Country: Denmark Currency : Danish krone (DKK). Country: Estonia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2011 - Estonian kroon (EEK), replaced the Soviet rouble in 1992 with a peg to the deutsche mark (8:1). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Finland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Finnish markka (FIM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 5.94573 FIM/€. Country: France Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - French franc (FRF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 6.55957 FRF/€. Country: Georgia Currency: Georgian lari (GEL), replaced the lari-kupon at 1: 1000000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Official data for Germany after unification are available only from 1991 onwards. Country: Greece Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€. Country: Hungary Currency : Hungarian forint (HUF). Country: Iceland Currency: Iceland krona (ISK). Country: Ireland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Irish Punt (IEP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 0.787564 IEP/€. Country: Israel Currency: New shekel (ILS). Geographical coverage: Designation and data provided by Israel.The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Italy Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Italian Lira (ITL); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1936.27 ITL/€. Country: Kazakhstan Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1992. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Kyrgyzstan Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS). Country: Latvia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2014 - Latvian lat (LVL), replaced Latvian rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Lithuania Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2015 - Lithuanian litas (LTL). All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Luxembourg Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Luxembourg Franc (LUF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 LUF/€. Country: Malta Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into euro. Country: Moldova, Republic of Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL). Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Transnistria. Country: Montenegro Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Country: Netherlands Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Dutch Guilder (NLG); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 2.20371 NLG/€. Country: Norway Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK). Country: Poland Currency : Polish zloty (PLZ), redenominated at 1:10000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Portugal Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Portuguese Escudo (PTE); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 200.482 PTE/€. Country: Romania Currency: New Romanian leu (RON). Country: Russian Federation Currency: Russian rouble (RUB), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1998. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD). Geographical coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Slovenia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€. Country: Spain Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Spanish Peseta (ESP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 166.386 ESP/€. Country: Sweden Currency : Swedish krona (SEK). Country: Switzerland Currency: Swiss franc (CHF). Country: Tajikistan Currency : Tajik somoni (TJS), replaced the Tajik rouble at 1:1000 in 2000. The Tajik rouble replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:100 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Currency : Macedonian denar (MKD), replaced the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 in 1992, redenominated at 1:100 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Turkey Currency : Turkish lira (TRL). Country: Turkmenistan Currency : Turkmen manat (TMM), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Ukraine Currency : Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH), replaced the former karbovanets at 1:100000 in 1996. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: United Kingdom Currency: British pound (GBP). Country: United States Currency: United States dollar (USD). Country: Uzbekistan Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem.

Data cited at: Economic Policy Uncertainty The Global Economic Policy Uncertainty (GEPU) Index is a GDP-weighted average of national EPU indices for 20 countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, Greece, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Global Financial Stability Report, October 2023: Financial and Climate Policies for a High-Interest-Rate Era

This data set combines the different regional publications of Revenue Statistics:Revenue Statistics 2019OECD/ATAF/AUC (2019), Revenue Statistics in Africa 2019OECD et al (2020), Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2020 (LAC)Revenue Statistics in Asian and Pacific Economies 2019 Revenue Statistics The annual statistical publications present a unique set of detailed and internationally comparable tax revenue data in a common format. Its approach is based on the well-established methodology of the OECD Revenue Statistics (OECD, 2019), which has become an essential reference. It provides a conceptual framework defining which government receipts should be regarded as taxes and classifies different types of taxes. Comparable tables show revenue data by type of tax in national currency, as a percentage of GDP, and, for the different types of taxes, as a share of total taxation. Comparisons are also made with the averages of the 36 OECD economies, of the 24 LAC countries (two of which are OECD members countries° and of 26 African countries.   The data set does not replace the other publications, and users are advised to consult the regional data sets for country specific information.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. Indicators that base on OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators are indicated (OECD). General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) – e.g. EU member countries, United States, Canada, Ukraine - or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Indicator: Domestic final demand met by total imports, % Indicator measures the share of total domestic final demand (the difference between GDP and net exports) met by imports. Sometimes it is referred to as an import penetration rate. It should be noted that small economies or those rich in mineral resources may be specialized in their production, and so import higher proportions of other goods. In addition, the size of service sector is likely to affect this relationship. [ ( imports / ( final consumption expenditure + gross capital formation ) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Export performance, percentage points Export performance measures the difference between the annual growth rate of exports of a country and the growth rate of imports to the country from the rest of the world. A result above zero level indicates a faster growth of exports compared to the growth of imports during the reference period. [ ( exports (t) / exports (t-1) ) – ( imports (t) / imports (t-1) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Export performance, value in millions of US $, in constant prices of comon base year Export performance measures the difference between the annual growth of exports of a country and the growth of imports to the country from the rest of the world. A result indicates a relation of growth of exports compared to the growth of imports during the reference period in millions of US dollars. [ ( ( exports (t) - exports (t-1) ) – ( ( imports (t) - imports (t-1) ) ) ] Indicator: Growth rate of exports, % Growth rate of exports is an indicator of the annual growth or decline of exports from the previous year. [ ( exports (t) / exports (t-1) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Growth rate of imports, % Growth rate of imports is an indicator of the annual growth or decline of imports from the previous year. [ ( imports (t) / imports (t-1) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Growth rate of total trade, % Growth rate of total trade describes either annual growth or decline of the volume of international trade from the previous year. [ ( exports + imports ) (t) / ( exports + imports ) (t-1) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Import coverage by exports, % Indicator shows whether or not a country’s imports are fully covered for by exports. The results describe how many per cent of imports are covered by exports. [ ( exports / imports ) * 100 ] Indicator: Total exports to GDP, % Total exports in GDP show the dependence of domestic producers on foreign markets. It may provide a better indicator of vulnerability to some types of external shocks than total trade in GDP, thus, it is one of the most frequently used globalization indicators. This ratio may indicate the intensity of a country’s trade. In the case of some countries, it may not show significant growth if, during the reference period, services that are not traded internationally and are included in GDP grow more rapidly than exports. Furthermore, larger economies tend to show lower export to GDP ratios because the larger domestic demand. [ ( exports / GDP ) * 100 ] Indicator: Total trade per capita, value in thousands of US $, current prices Total trade per capita measures the relative importance of international trade against the size of the country in terms of population. It is a very concrete measure of the value of international trade per person. [ ( absolute values of imports + exports ) / population ] Indicator: Total trade to GDP, % Total trade (the sum of exports and imports) as a share of GDP measures the dependence on foreign markets and intermediate inputs and, on the other hand, the importance of international trade in the country. It may give indications of the degree to which an economy is open to trade, but should be interpreted with care. This indicator may be called a trade dependence or openness indicator. [ ( (exports + imports ) / GDP ) * 100 ] Indicator: Trade balance to GDP, % Trade balance to GDP highlights the countries with major surplus or deficit in the reference period in relation to the size of their economies. [ ( ( exports - imports ) / GDP ) * 100 ] Indicator: Trade balance to total trade, % Indicator measures international transactions of the country with the rest of the world normalised against its own total trade. This indicator is sometimes also called the normalized trade balance. [ ( ( exports - imports ) / ( exports + imports ) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Trade balance, value in millions of US $, current prices Trade balance shows the difference between exports and imports (surplus / deficit). This conventional measure reflects a country’s performance in international markets in terms of the net value of goods and services transactions between the country and the rest of the world. [ ( exports - imports ) ]

This dataset provides an overview of government’s cash flows, as summarized in the Statement of Sources and Uses of Cash, for those countries compiling GFS on a noncash basis (for example, an accrual basis) and are also including a cash flow statement.

Data cited at: CAIT, retrieved from Climate Watch Climate Watch Historical Emission data contains sector-level greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data for 194 countries and the European Union (EU) for the period 1990-2019, including emissions of the six major GHGs from most major sources and sinks. Non-CO2 emissions are expressed in CO2 equivalents using 100-year global warming potential values from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.

The GGDC 10-Sector Database provides a long-run internationally comparable dataset on sectoral productivity performance in Asia, Europe, Latin America and the US. Variables covered in the data set are annual series of value added, output deflators, and persons employed for 10 broad sectors. It gives sectoral detail to the historical macro data in Maddison (2003) from 1950 onwards. It consists of series for 10 countries in Asia, 9 in Latin-America and 9 in Europe and the US. The data for Asia and Latin-America are based on Marcel P. Timmer and Gaaitzen J. de Vries (2007), 'A Cross-Country Database For Sectoral Employment And Productivity In Asia And Latin America, 1950-2005', GGDC Research memorandum GD-98, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, August 2007. Data for Europe and the US is based on an update of Bart van Ark (1996), Sectoral Growth Accounting and Structural Change in Post-War Europe, in B. van Ark and N.F.R. Crafts, eds., Quantitative Aspects of Post-War European Economic Growth, CEPR/Cambridge University Press, pp. 84-164. All series derived from this database need to be referred to as: "Timmer, Marcel P. and Gaaitzen J. de Vries (2009), "Structural Change and Growth Accelerations in Asia and Latin America: A New Sectoral Data Set" Cliometrica, vol 3 (issue 2) pp. 165-190."

The source for regional typology statistics are regional indicators at NUTS level 3 published on the Eurostat website or existing in the Eurostat production database. The structure of this domain is as follows: - Metropolitan regions (met)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/metropolitan-regions/overview - Maritime policy indicators (mare)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/maritime-policy-indicators/overview - Urban-rural typology (urt)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/rural-development/overview

Eurostat Dataset Id:nama_r_e2gdp Gross domestic product - GDP at market prices - is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units (ESA 1995, 8.89). It can be defined in three ways: 1. Output approach GDP is the sum of gross value added of the various institutional sectors or the various industries plus taxes and less subsidies on products (which are not allocated to sectors and industries). It is also the balancing item in the total economy production account. 2. Expenditure approach GDP is the sum of final uses of goods and services by resident institutional units (final consumption expenditure and gross capital formation), plus exports and minus imports of goods and services. At regional level the expediture approach is not used in the EU, because there is no data on regional exports and imports.  3. Income approach GDP is the sum of uses in the total economy generation of income account: compensation of employees, taxes on production, less subsidies, gross operating surplus and mixed income of the total economy. The different measures for the regional GDP are absolute figures in € and Purchasing Power Standards (PPS), figures per inhabitant and relative data compared to the EU27 average.

Eurostat Dataset Id:nama_r_e3gdp National accounts are a coherent and consistent set of macroeconomic indicators, which provide an overall picture of the economic situation and are widely used for economic analysis and forecasting, policy design and policy making. Eurostat publishes annual and quarterly national accounts, annual and quarterly sector accounts as well as supply, use and input-output tables, which are each presented with associated metadata. Annual national accounts are compiled in accordance with the European System of Accounts - ESA 1995 (Council Regulation 2223/96). Annex B of the Regulation consists of a comprehensive list of the variables to be transmitted for Community purposes within specified time limits. This transmission programme has been updated by Regulation (EC) N° 1392/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Meanwhile, the ESA95 has been reviewed to bring national accounts in the European Union, in line with new economic environment, advances in methodological research and needs of users and the updated national accounts framework at the international level, the SNA 2008. The revisions are reflected in an updated Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union of 2010 (ESA 2010). The associated transmission programme is also updated and data transmissions in accordance with ESA 2010 are compulsory from September 2014 onwards. Further information on the transition from ESA 95 to ESA 2010 is presented on the Eurostat website. The domain consists of the following collections: GDP and main aggregates. The data are recorded at current and constant prices and include the corresponding implicit price indices. Final consumption aggregates, including the split into household and government consumption. The data are recorded at current and constant prices and include the corresponding implicit price indices. Income, saving and net lending / net borrowing at current prices. Disposable income is also shown in real terms. Exports and imports by Member States of the EU/third countries. The data are recorded at current and constant prices and include the corresponding implicit price indices. Breakdowns of gross value added, compensation of employees, wages and salaries, operating surplus, employment (domestic scope), gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) and fixed assets and other main aggregates by industry; investment by products and household final consumption expenditure by consumption purposes (COICOP). The data are recorded at current and constant prices and include the corresponding implicit price indices. Auxiliary indicators: Population and employment national data, purchasing power parities, contributions to GDP growth, labour productivity, unit labour cost and GDP per capita. Geographical entities covered are the European Union, the euro area, EU Member States, Candidate Countries, EFTA countries, US, Japan and possibly other countries on an ad-hoc basis. The data are published: - in ECU/euro, in national currencies (including euro converted from former national currencies using the irrevocably fixed rate for all years) and in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS); - at current prices and in volume terms; - Population and employment are measured in persons. Employment is also measured in total hours worked. Data sources: National Statistical Institutes

The source for regional typology statistics are regional indicators at NUTS level 3 published on the Eurostat website or existing in the Eurostat production database. The structure of this domain is as follows: - Metropolitan regions (met)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/metropolitan-regions/overview - Maritime policy indicators (mare)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/maritime-policy-indicators/overview - Urban-rural typology (urt)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/rural-development/overview

Gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units. It is defined as the value of all goods and services produced less the value of any goods or services used in their creation. The ESA 2010 (European System of Accounts) regulation may be referred to for more specific explanations on methodology. Data are presented in million units of national currency.

Gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units. It is defined as the value of all goods and services produced less the value of any goods or services used in their creation. The ESA 2010 (European System of Accounts) regulation may be referred to for more specific explanations on methodology. Data are seasonally adjusted and presented in million units of national currency.

The source for regional typology statistics are regional indicators at NUTS level 3 published on the Eurostat website or existing in the Eurostat production database. The structure of this domain is as follows: - Metropolitan regions (met)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/metropolitan-regions/overview - Maritime policy indicators (mare)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/maritime-policy-indicators/overview - Urban-rural typology (urt)    For details see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/rural-development/overview

Eurostat Dataset Id:urt_e3gdp

GDP (gross domestic product) is an indicator for a nation´s economic situation. It reflects the total value of all goods and services produced less the value of goods and services used for intermediate consumption in their production. Expressing GDP in PPS (purchasing power standards) eliminates differences in price levels between countries, and calculations on a per head basis allows for the comparison of economies significantly different in absolute size.

GDP (gross domestic product) is an indicator for a nation's economic situation. It reflects the total value of all goods and services produced less the value of goods and services used for intermediate consumption in their production.

Gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units (ESA 2010, 8.89). It can be defined in three ways: a production approach, an income approach and an expenditure approach. Values are seasonally adjusted (SA). The ESA 2010 (European System of Accounts) regulation may be referred to for more specific explanations on methodology.

Gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units (ESA 2010, 8.89). It can be defined in three ways: a production approach, an income approach and an expenditure approach. Data are calculated as chain-linked volumes (i.e. data at previous year's prices, linked over the years via appropriate growth rates). Growth rates 'q/q-1 (sca)' with respect to the previous quarter and 'q/q-4 (sca)' with respect to the same quarter of the previous year are calculated from calendar and seasonally adjusted figures while growth rates 'q/q-4 (nsa)' with respect to the same quarter of the previous year are calculated from raw data.

Productivity is a key driver of economic growth and changes in living standards. Labour productivity growth implies a higher level of output for unit of labour input (hours worked or persons employed). This can be achieved if more capital is used in production or through improved overall efficiency with which labour and capital are used together, i.e., higher multifactor productivity growth (MFP). Productivity is also a key driver of international competitiveness, e.g. as measured by Unit Labour Costs (ULC).   The OECD Productivity Database aims at providing users with the most comprehensive and the latest productivity estimates. The update cycle is on a rolling basis, i.e. each variable in the dataset is made publicly available as soon as it is updated in the sources databases. However, some time lag may arise which affects individual series and/or countries for two reasons: first, hours worked data from the OECD Employment Outlook are typically updated less frequently than the OECD Annual National Accounts Database; second, source data for capital services are typically available in annual national accounts later than source data for labour productivity and ULCs.   Note to users: The OECD Productivity Database accounts for the methodological changes in national accounts' statistics, such as the implementation of the System of National Accounts 2008 (2008 SNA) and the implementation of the international industrial classification ISIC Rev.4. These changes had an impact on output, labour and capital measurement. For Chile, China, Colombia, India, Japan, Turkey and the Russian Federation the indicators are in line with the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA); for all other countries, the indicators presented are based on the 2008 SNA

Historical Statistics on Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP for 1-2008 AD period. Copyright Angus Maddison.

Data cited at: World Economic Forum The Inclusive Development Index (IDI) is an annual assessment of 103 countries’ economic performance that measures how countries perform on eleven dimensions of economic progress in addition to GDP. It has 3 pillars; growth and development; inclusion and; intergenerational equity – sustainable stewardship of natural and financial resources. The IDI is a project of the World Economic Forum’s System Initiative on the Future of Economic Progress, which aims to inform and enable sustained and inclusive economic progress through deepened public-private cooperation through thought leadership and analysis, strategic dialogue and concrete cooperation, including by accelerating social impact through corporate action.

Institutional Investors' Assets and Liabilities data are reported by Central Banks, National Statistical Institutes or Supervisory Authorities. The indicators reported here are compiled on the basis of those statistics.   The first set of indicators measure total financial assets (liabilities) held by each institutional investor as a percentage of GDP. Total financial assets (liabilities) is defined as the sum of the following asset (liability) categories: currency and deposits (F2), debt securities (F3), loans (F4), equity and investment fund shares (F5), insurance pension and standardized guarantee schemes (F6), financial derivatives and employee stock options (F7), and other accounts receivable (payable) (F8). The second set of indicators shows the share of each asset (liability) category in the total financial assets (liabilities) of each investor. They help to analyse the investment portfolio composition of the investor as well as financial risks borne by the investor. The third set of indicators shows the sub-sector composition of total financial assets (liabilities) by investor category, by showing the share of each sub-sector in the total financial assets (liabilities) of each investor category.

Purchasing Power Parities and the Real Size of World Economies. A Comprehensive Report of the 2011 International Comparison Program

Data cited at: International Financial Statistics (IFS), The International Monetary Fund. The International Financial Statistics database covers about 200 countries and areas, with some aggregates calculated for selected regions, plus some world totals. Topics covered include balance of payments, commodity prices, exchange rates, fund position, government finance, industrial production, interest rates, international investment position, international liquidity, international transactions, labor statistics, money and banking, national accounts, population, prices, and real effective exchange rates. The International Financial Statistics is based on various IMF data collections. It includes exchange rates series for all Fund member countries plus Anguilla, Aruba, China, PR: Hong Kong, China, PR: Macao, Montserrat, and the Netherlands Antilles. It also includes major Fund accounts series, real effective exchange rates, and other world, area, and country series. Data are available for most IMF member countries with some aggregates calculated for select regions, plus some world totals. National Accounts, Indicators of Economic Activity, Labor Markets, Prices, Government and Public Sector Finance, Financial Indicators, Balance of Payments, International Investment Position, International Reserves, Fund Accounts, External Trade, Exchange Rates, and Population.

This indicator shows the investment for the total economy, government, business as well as household sectors. The indicator gives the share of GDP that is used for gross investment (rather than being used for e.g. consumption or exports). It is defined as gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) expressed as a percentage of GDP for the government, business and households sectors. GFCF consists of resident producers' acquisitions, less disposals of fixed assets plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realised by productive activity, such as improvements to land. Fixed assets comprise, for example, dwellings, other buildings and structures (roads, bridges etc.), machinery and equipment, but also intangible assets such as computer software and other intellectual property.

The Key Economic Indicators (KEI) database contains monthly and quarterly statistics (and associated statistical methodological information) for all OECD member countries and for a selection of non-member countries on a wide variety of economic indicators, namely: quarterly national accounts, industrial production, composite leading indicators, business tendency and consumer opinion surveys, retail trade, consumer and producer prices, hourly earnings, employment/unemployment, interest rates, monetary aggregates, exchange rates, international trade and balance of payments.

Labour share in GDP is the total compensation of employees given as a percent of gross domestic product (a measure of total output), both provided in nominal terms. Total compensation refers to the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an enterprise to an employee in return for work done by the latter during the accounting period.

The productivity and income estimates presented in this dataset are mainly based on GDP, population and employment data from the OECD Annual National Accounts. Hours worked are sourced from the OECD Annual National Accounts, the OECD Employment Outlook and national sources. The OECD Productivity Database aims at providing users with the most comprehensive and the latest productivity estimates. The update cycle is on a rolling basis, i.e. each variable in the dataset is made publicly available as soon as it is updated in the sources databases. However, timely data issues may arise and affect individual series and/or individual countries. In particular, annual hours worked estimates from the OECD Employment Outlook are typically updated less frequently (once a year, in the summer) than series of hours worked from the OECD Annual National Accounts.

International Data from University of Pennsylvania 

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available

The FAOSTAT Macro Indicators database provides a selection of country-level macroeconomic indicators taken from National Accounts series and relating to total economy (TE), Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (AFF), Manufacturing (MAN), and Manufacturing of Food, beverage and tobacco products (FBT). All data relating to Total Economy, Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing, and Total Manufacturing originates from the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) which maintains and annually updates the "National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates" database. It consists of a complete and consistent set of time series of the main National Accounts (NA) aggregates of all UN Members States and other territories in the world for which National Accounts information is available. The UNSD database's content is based on the countries' official NA data reported to UNSD through the annual National Accounts Questionnaire, supplemented with data estimates for any years and countries with incomplete or inconsistent information. FAOSTAT Macro Indicators database reproduces a selection of time series from the UNSD National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates such as GDP, GFCF and sectoral VA. Additional analytical indicators such as annual per capita GDP (calculated using annual population series from the UNSD) and annual growth rates for GDP, GFCF and VA are included toghether with the investment ratio GFCF/GDP and the sectors'contribution to total economy GDP. Series on value added on Manufacture of Food, Beverages and Tobacco products originates - in order of priority - from OECD Annual National Accounts and UNIDO INDSTAT2 databases. In order to ensure that sub-industry series are consistent in levels with National Accounts based series, which is needed to support comparability across industries (agriculture vs. agro-industry and sub-industries), we proceed to a rescaling exercise of UNIDO originating series on UNSD National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates data series.

The Balance of Payments (BoP) systematically summarizes all economic transactions between the residents and the non-residents of a country or of a economic area during a given period. The Balance of payments provides harmonized information on international transactions which are part of the current account (goods, services, income, current transfers), but also on transactions which fall in the capital and the financial account. BoP is an important macro-economic indicator used to assess the position of an economy (of credit or debit) towards the external world. Data on International Trade in Services (ITS), a component of BoP current account, are used, alongside with data on Foreign Direct Investment (a component of BoP financial account), to monitor the external commercial performance of different economies. Balance of Payments data are used for calculation of indicators needed for monitoring of macroenomic imbalances such as share of main BoP and International Investment Position (IIP) items in GDP and export market shares calculated as the EU Member States' shares in total world exports. Out of BoP data, some indicators of EU market integration are also derived. Data are in millions of Euro/ECU and in millions of national currency. Several statistical adjustments are applied to the original data provided by the Member States. These are described in the International Trade in Services EU 1992-2001 - Compilation guide. The International Monetary Fund Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5) classification is used for the compilation of the BoP. The BoP data are collected through national surveys and administrative sources.

National accounts are a coherent and consistent set of macroeconomic indicators, which provide an overall picture of the economic situation and are widely used for economic analysis and forecasting, policy design and policy making. Eurostat publishes annual and quarterly national accounts, annual and quarterly sector accounts as well as supply, use and input-output tables, which are each presented with associated metadata. Even though consistency checks are a major aspect of data validation, temporary (usually limited) inconsistencies between datasets may occur, mainly due to vintage effects. Quarterly national accounts are compiled in accordance with the European System of Accounts - ESA 2010 as defined in Annex B of the Council Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013.   The previous European System of Accounts, ESA95, was reviewed to bring national accounts in the European Union, in line with new economic environment, advances in methodological research and needs of users and the updated national accounts framework at the international level, the SNA 2008. The revisions are reflected in an updated Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union of 2010 (ESA 2010). The associated transmission programme is also updated and data transmissions in accordance with ESA 2010 are compulsory from September 2014 onwards. Further information (including actual communications) is presented on the Eurostat website.   The domain consists of the following collections: 1. Main GDP aggregates main components from the output, expenditure and income side, expenditure breakdowns by durability and exports and imports by origin.

National accounts are a coherent and consistent set of macroeconomic indicators, which provide an overall picture of the economic situation and are widely used for economic analysis and forecasting, policy design and policy making. Eurostat publishes annual and quarterly national accounts, annual and quarterly sector accounts as well as supply, use and input-output tables, which are each presented with associated metadata. Even though consistency checks are a major aspect of data validation, temporary (usually limited) inconsistencies between datasets may occur, mainly due to vintage effects. Annual national accounts are compiled in accordance with the European System of Accounts - ESA 2010 as defined in Annex B of the Council Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013.   The previous European System of Accounts, ESA95, was reviewed to bring national accounts in the European Union, in line with new economic environment, advances in methodological research and needs of users and the updated national accounts framework at the international level, the SNA 2008. The revisions are reflected in an updated Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union of 2010 (ESA 2010). The associated transmission programme is also updated and data transmissions in accordance with ESA 2010 are compulsory from September 2014 onwards. Further information (including actual communications) is presented on the Eurostat website. The domain consists of the following collections:   1. Main GDP aggregates: main components from the output, expenditure and income side, expenditure breakdowns by durability and exports and imports by origin. <

This dataset presents information using an "indicator" approach, focusing on cross-country comparisons. The aim is to make the accounts more accessible and informative, whilst taking the opportunity to present the conceptual underpinning  and comparability issues of each of the indicators presented. The range of indicators is set deliberately wide to reflect the richness of the national accounts dataset and to encourage users of economic statistics to refocus some of the spotlight that is often placed on GDP to other important economic indicators, which may better respond to their needs. Indeed many users themselves have been instrumental in this regard. The report of the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress (Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission) is but one notable example. That is not to undermine the importance of GDP, which arguably remains the most important measure of total economic activity, but other measures may better reflect other aspects of the economy. For example, net national income may be a more appropriate measure of income available to citizens in countries with large outflows of property income, and household adjusted disposable income per capita may be a better indicator of the material well-being of citizens. But certainly from a data perspective more can and remains to be done. The Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission for example highlights the pressing need for the provision, by official statistics institutes, of more detailed information that better describes the distributional aspects of activity, especially income, and the need to build on the national accounts framework to address issues such as non-market services produced by households or leisure. It is hoped that by producing a publication such as this and thereby raising awareness, the momentum from this and other initiatives will be accelerated. The publication itself will pick up new indicators in the future as they become available at the OECD.

The National Accounts Main Aggregates Database presents a series of analytical national accounts tables from 1970 onwards for more than 200 countries and areas of the world. It is the product of a global cooperation effort between the Economic Statistics Branch of the United Nations Statistics Division, international statistical agencies and the national statistical services of these countries and is developed in accordance with the recommendation of the Statistical Commission at its first session in 1947 that the Statistics Division should publish regularly the most recent available data on national accounts for as many countries and areas as possible. The database is updated in December of each year with newly available national accounts data for all countries and areas.

Different series numbers (column “Series”) are used to store different time-series versions of national accounts statistics. Series numbers with two digits (10,20) refer to data compiled following the SNA 1968 national accounts methodology, while series numbers with three digits (100, 200, etc) refer to data compiled using the SNA 1993 national accounts methodology whereas series number with four digits (1000, 1100) refer to data compiled using the SNA 2008 national accounts methodology. In addition to different methodologies, different series numbers are used when data are reported in different currencies, fiscal years, or by different sources. Furthermore, data are stored under a new series number whenever there are significant changes in compilation practices which make the time series no longer comparable. Note: Ethiopia [upto 1993] and Ethiopia [from 1993] merged to get Ethiopia, Similarly Sudan (upto 2011) is combined with Sudan.

It presents gross capital formation, gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories and acquisition less disposals of valuables broken down by detailed industries. Gross fixed capital formation is also available broken down by type of assets. It has been prepared from statistics reported to the OECD by Member countries in their answers to annual national accounts questionnaire. This questionnaire is designed to collect internationally comparable data according to the 1993 SNA. Unit of measure used - In national currency, in current prices and constant prices (national base year, previous year prices and OECD base year i.e. 2010). Expressed in millions. For the Euro area countries, the data in national currency for all years are calculated using the fixed conversion rates against the euro.

Annual National Accounts>General Government Accounts>750. General Government Debt-Maastricht   Unit of measure used: National currency; current prices. Expressed in millions   Statistical population: Government debt as defined in the Maastricht Treaty (Source : Eurostat). Available for Europeans countries only. In the Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Maastricht Treaty, government debt is defined as the debt of the whole general government sector: gross, consolidated and nominal value (face value). It excludes the other accounts payable (AF.7), as well as, if they exist, insurance technical reserve (AF.6).

It presents the three approaches of the GDP: expenditure based, output based and income based. It has been prepared from statistics reported to the OECD by Member countries in their answers to annual national accounts questionnaire. This questionnaire is designed to collect internationally comparable data according to the 1993 SNA.

Statistical population: Its presents output, intermediate consumption and the gross value added and its components, in particular compensation of employees and gross operating surplus and mixed income, broken down by detailed industries according to the classification ISIC rev.4. It has been prepared from statistics reported to the OECD by Member countries in their answers to annual national accounts questionnaire. Unit of measure used: In national currency, in current prices and constant prices (national base year, previous year prices and OECD base year i.e. 2010). Expressed in millions. For the Euro area countries, the data in national currency for all years are calculated using the fixed conversion rates against the euro.   Note: 6A. Value added and its components by activity, ISIC rev4

Statistical population: Its presents output, intermediate consumption and the gross value added and its components, in particular compensation of employees and gross operating surplus and mixed income, broken down by detailed industries. It has been prepared from statistics reported to the OECD by Member countries in their answers to annual national accounts questionnaire. Data presented in this table will not be updated after summer 2010. Data reported to the OECD by countries in their answers to the annual national accounts questionnaire are now available on theme Industry and Services, Structural Analysis (STAN) Databases. Unit of measure used: In national currency, in current prices and constant prices (national base year, previous year prices and OECD base year i.e. 2010). Expressed in millions. For the Euro area countries, the data in national currency for all years are calculated using the fixed conversion rates against the euro.

Data cited at: Global Fund

The indicator is a subset of the Net international investment position (NIIP) that abstracts from its pure equity-related components, i.e. foreign direct investment (FDI) equity and equity shares, and from intracompany cross-border FDI debt, and represents the NIIP excluding instruments that cannot be subject to default. The indicator is based on annual figures from the Eurostat Balance of payments and is defined as the NIIP minus net direct investment (FA__D__F) minus net portfolio equity (FA__P__F51). It is calculated as a % of GDP and expressed in national currency.

Net social contributions (ESA 2010 code D.61) are the actual or imputed contributions made by households to social insurance schemes to make provision for social benefits to be paid.

The Maddison Project has launched an updated version of the original Maddison dataset in January 2013. The update incorporates much of the latest research in the field, and presents new estimates of economic growth in the world economic between AD 1 and 2010. The new estimates are presented and discussed in Bolt and Van Zanden (2014). The Maddison Project: collaborative research on historical national accounts. The Economic History Review, 67 (3): 627–651.

The OECD Weekly Tracker of GDP growth provides a real-time high-frequency indicator of economic activity using machine learning and Google Trends data. It has a wide country coverage of OECD and G20 countries. The Tracker is thus particularly well suited to assessing activity during the turbulent period of the current global pandemic. It applies a machine learning model to a panel of Google Trends data for 46 countries, and aggregates together information about search behaviour related to consumption, labour markets, housing, trade, industrial activity and economic uncertainty.   The Weekly Tracker proxies the percent change in weekly GDP levels from the pre-crisis trend. The pre-crisis trend is taken from OECD forecasts made prior to the crisis (in the November 2019 Economic Outlook). Two other flavours of the Tracker are also available in the datafiles: a Tracker of weekly GDP growth year-on-year (that is, the percent change in weekly GDP from the same week in the past year), and a Tracker of weekly GDP growth year-on-two-year (the percent change in weekly GDP from the same week two years earlier). 

Value added at factor cost in the ICT sector (source: SBS, variable V12150) Since 2008, definition of the ICT sector is based on NACE Rev. 2 classification as follows: ICT Total (261 + 262 + 263 + 264 + 268 + 951 + 465 + 582 + 61 + 62 + 631) ICT Manufacturing (261 + 262 + 263 + 264 + 268) ICT Services (951 + 465 + 582 + 61 + 62 + 631) Until 2007, definition of the ICT sector is based on NACE Rev. 1.1 classification as follows: ICT Total (30 + 313 + 32 + 332 + 333 + 5184 + 5186 + 642 + 72) ICT Manufacturing (30 + 313 + 32 + 332 + 333) ICT Services (5184 + 5186 + 642 + 72) Total value added at factor cost (source: National Accounts, all branches) Value added at factor cost is defined as Gross value added (at basic prices) minus Other taxes less other subsidies on production. Due to change of the ICT sector definition as a consequence of change of the underlying classification, data for 2008 are not comparable with data published for previous years.

The Principal Global Indicators (PGI) dataset provides internationally comparable data for the Group of 20 economies (G-20) and economies with systemically important financial sectors that are not members of the G-20. The PGI facilitates the monitoring of economic and financial developments for these jurisdictions. Launched in 2009, the PGI website is hosted by the IMF and is a joint undertaking of the Inter-Agency Group of Economic and Financial Statistics (IAG).

The indicator includes “Gross investment in tangible goods”, “Number of persons employed” and “Value added at factor costs” in the following three sectors: the recycling sector, repair and reuse sector and rental and leasing sector. The recycling, repair and reuse and rental and leasing sectors are defined and approximated in terms of economic activity branches of the NACE Rev. 2 classification. The following NACE codes have been selected to compute this indicator: (see list of codes selected). This indicator is collected within the frame of the Structural Business Statistics (SBS), as required in Commission Regulation N° 250/2009. The following definitions are taken from Structural Business Statistics (SBS) framework: Gross investment in tangible goods is defined as investment during the reference year in all tangible goods. Included are new and existing tangible capital goods, whether bought from third parties or produced for own use (i.e. capitalised production of tangible capital goods), having a useful life of more than one year including non-produced tangible goods such as land. Investments in intangible and financial assets are excluded. Jobs are expressed in number of persons employed and as a percentage of total employment. Number of persons employed is defined as the total number of persons who work in the observation unit, i.e. the firm (inclusive of working proprietors, partners working regularly in the unit and unpaid family workers), as well as persons who work outside the unit who belong to it and are paid by it - e.g. sales representatives, delivery personnel, repair and maintenance teams. It excludes manpower supplied to the unit by other enterprises, persons carrying out repair and maintenance work in the enquiry unit on behalf of other enterprises, as well as those on compulsory military service. Value added at factor costs is the gross income from operating activities after adjusting for operating subsidies and indirect taxes. It can be calculated as the sum of turnover, capitalized production, other operating income, increases minus decreases of stocks, and deducting the following items: purchases of goods and services, other taxes on products which are linked to turnover but not deductible, duties and taxes linked to production. Value adjustments (such as depreciation) are not subtracted.

Public Debt around the World

Description not available For more information, refer to our resources on methods.

Description not available For more information, refer to our resources on methods.

Description not available

Description not available For more information, refer to our resources on methods.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure for the economic activity. It refers to the value of the total output of goods and services produced by an economy, less intermediate consumption, plus net taxes on products and imports. GDP per capita is calculated as the ratio of GDP to the average population in a specific year. Basic figures are expressed in purchasing power standards (PPS), which represents a common currency that eliminates the differences in price levels between countries to allow meaningful volume comparisons of GDP. The values are also offered as an index calculated in relation to the European Union average set to equal 100. If the index of a country is higher than 100, this country's level of GDP per head is higher than the EU average and vice versa. Please note that this index is intended for cross-country comparisons rather than for temporal comparisons. Finally, the disparities indicator offered for EU aggregates is calculated as the coefficient of variation of the national figures. This time series offers a measure of the convergence of economic activity between the EU Member States.

The OECD's quarterly national accounts (QNA) dataset presents data collected from all the OECD member countries and some other major economies on the basis of a standardised questionnaire. It contains a wide selection of generally seasonally adjusted quarterly series most widely used for economic analysis from 1960 or whenever available:

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the economic activity, defined as the value of all goods and services produced less the value of any goods or services used in their creation. The calculation of the annual growth rate of GDP volume is intended to allow comparisons of the dynamics of economic development both over time and between economies of different sizes. For measuring the growth rate of GDP in terms of volumes, the GDP at current prices are valued in the prices of the previous year and the thus computed volume changes are imposed on the level of a reference year; this is called a chain-linked series. Accordingly, price movements will not inflate the growth rate.

The indicator is calculated as the ratio of real GDP to the average population of a specific year. GDP measures the value of total final output of goods and services produced by an economy within a certain period of time. It includes goods and services that have markets (or which could have markets) and products which are produced by general government and non-profit institutions. It is a measure of economic activity and is also used as a proxy for the development in a country’s material living standards. However, it is a limited measure of economic welfare. For example, neither does GDP include most unpaid household work nor does GDP take account of negative effects of economic activity, like environmental degradation.

20.1. Source data

The reference series used in the publication are: GDP for tax reporting years at market prices, national currency Exchange rates national currency per US dollar Population These data are extracted from various datasets managed by OECD directorates. The figures presented here are those used in creating the latest Revenue Statistics publication. These datasets are updated periodically during the year and therefore the figures in the latest versions may differ from those implied in the publication.

This dataset presents reference statistics (GDP, Total Government Expenditure, deflators, etc.) that are used to calculate some of the indicators on educational expenditure included in the indicators dataset.

The Regional database contains annual data from 1995 to the most recent available year (generally 2018 for demographic and labor market data, 2017 for regional accounts, innovation and social statistics). The data collection is undertaken by the Center for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities (CFE). Statistics are collected through an annual questionnaire sent to the delegates of the Working Party on Territorial Indicators (WPTI), and via downloads from the web-sites of National Statistical Offices and Eurostat

GDP (gross domestic product) is an indicator of the output of a country or a region. It reflects the total value of all goods and services produced less the value of goods and services used for intermediate consumption in their production. Expressing GDP in PPS (purchasing power standards) eliminates differences in price levels between countries. Calculations on a per inhabitant basis allow for the comparison of economies and regions significantly different in absolute size. GDP per inhabitant in PPS is the key variable for determining the eligibility of NUTS 2 regions in the framework of the European Union's structural policy.

GDP (gross domestic product) is an indicator of the output of a country or a region. It reflects the total value of all goods and services produced less the value of goods and services used for intermediate consumption in their production. Expressing GDP in PPS (purchasing power standards) eliminates differences in price levels between countries. Calculations on a per inhabitant basis allow for the comparison of economies and regions significantly different in absolute size. GDP per inhabitant in PPS is the key variable for determining the eligibility of NUTS 2 regions in the framework of the European Union's structural policy.

GDP (gross domestic product) is an indicator of the output of a country or a region. It reflects the total value of all goods and services produced less the value of goods and services used for intermediate consumption in their production. Expressing GDP in PPS (purchasing power standards) eliminates differences in price levels between countries. Calculations on a per inhabitant basis allow for the comparison of economies and regions significantly different in absolute size. GDP per inhabitant in PPS is the key variable for determining the eligibility of NUTS 2 regions in the framework of the European Union's structural policy.

GDP (gross domestic product) is an indicator of the output of a country or a region. It reflects the total value of all goods and services produced less the value of goods and services used for intermediate consumption in their production. Expressing GDP in PPS (purchasing power standards) eliminates differences in price levels between countries. Calculations on a per inhabitant basis allow for the comparison of economies and regions significantly different in absolute size. GDP per inhabitant in PPS is the key variable for determining the eligibility of NUTS 2 regions in the framework of the European Union's structural policy.

Resource productivity is gross domestic product (GDP) divided by domestic material consumption (DMC). DMC measures the total amount of materials directly used by an economy. It is defined as the annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory of the focal economy, plus all physical imports minus all physical exports. For the calculation of resource productivity, Eurostat uses GDP either in unit 'EUR in chain-linked volumes' (to the reference year 2010 at 2010 exchange rates) or in unit 'PPS' (Purchasing Power Standard). Consequently, the indicator is expressed: i) in euro per kg, for comparing the changes in one country over time; ii) in PPS per kg, for comparing different countries in one specific year. It is also calculated as an index on year 2000, for comparing countries in different years.

The series is part of the ILO modelled estimates and is harmonized to account for differences in national data and scope of coverage, collection and tabulation methodologies as well as for other country-specific factors. This indicator conveys the annual growth rates of labour productivity. Labour productivity represents the total volume of output (measured in terms of Gross Domestic Product, GDP) produced per unit of labour (measured in terms of the number of employed persons) during a given time reference period. The indicator allows data users to assess GDP-to-labour input levels and growth rates over time, thus providing general information about the efficiency and quality of human capital in the production process for a given economic and social context, including other complementary inputs and innovations used in production. For more information, refer to the Labour Market-related SDG Indicators (ILOSDG) database description.

The series is part of the ILO modelled estimates and is harmonized to account for differences in national data and scope of coverage, collection and tabulation methodologies as well as for other country-specific factors. This indicator conveys the annual growth rates of labour productivity. Labour productivity represents the total volume of output (measured in terms of Gross Domestic Product, GDP) produced per unit of labour (measured in terms of the number of employed persons) during a given time reference period. The indicator allows data users to assess GDP-to-labour input levels and growth rates over time, thus providing general information about the efficiency and quality of human capital in the production process for a given economic and social context, including other complementary inputs and innovations used in production. For more information, refer to the Labour Market-related SDG Indicators (ILOSDG) database description.

Data may differ from nationally reported figures and the Global SDG Indicators Database due to differences in sources and/or reference years. This indicator presents data by sex on employees' average hourly earnings. The concept of earnings, as applied in wage statistics, relates to gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. Earnings exclude employers' contributions in respect of their employees paid to social security and pension schemes and also the benefits received by employees under these schemes. Earnings also exclude severance and termination pay. Data are also disaggregated by occupation. Statistics on average hourly earnings by sex are the basis for the calculation of the gender pay gap. Data disaggregated by occupation are provided according to the latest version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Data may have been regrouped from the national classifications, which may not be strictly compatible with ISCO. For more information, refer to the Labour Market-related SDG Indicators (ILOSDG) database description.

The STAN database for industrial analysis provides analysts and researchers with a comprehensive tool for analysing industrial performance at a relatively detailed level of activity across countries. It includes annual measures of output, labour input, investment which allow users to construct a wide range of indicators and to focus on areas such as productivity growth, competitiveness and general structural change.Through the use of a standard industry list, international comparisons can be made. The industry list, compatible with those used in related OECD databases, provides sufficient detail to highlight technology and digital-intensive sectors. STAN is primarily based on Member countries' annual National Accounts by economic activity tables compiled according to the recommendations of System of National Accounts 2008 (SNA 2008). Previous versions of STAN (from 2000) were based on SNA93 statistics. Missing detail is estimated using other sources of data such as national industrial surveys/censuses. Time series are extended back to the 1970's where possible. This is done using vintage SNA93 or STAN estimates. In STAN, many data points are Secretariat's estimates and are flagged to the attention of users; as such, they do not represent official Member countries' submissions. The current version of STAN is based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of all economic activities, Revision 4 (ISIC Rev. 4). Earlier versions of STAN were based on ISIC Rev. 3 and, prior to 2000, ISIC Rev. 2 (the latter covering the manufacturing sector only). STAN is published on a "rolling basis" with new, or updated, country tables being made available as soon as they are ready.

National Monitoring : School life expectancy by level of education

Data cited at: The World Bank https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/ Topic: Global Economic Monitor Publication: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/global-economic-monitor License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/   The dataset Provides daily updates of global economic developments, with coverage of high income- as well as developing countries. Average period data updates are provided for exchange rates, equity markets, interest rates, stripped bond spreads, and emerging market bond indices. Monthly data coverage (updated daily and populated upon availability) is provided for consumer prices, high-tech market indicators, industrial production and merchandise trade.

The primary World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized international sources. It presents the most current and accurate global development data available, and includes national, regional and global estimates

Note: World Economic Situation and Prospects, 2021 update available here: https://knoema.com/WESP2021/  

The World Economic Situation and Prospects 2024 is a report produced by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), in partnership with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the five United Nations regional commissions: Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC), Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) and Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UNESCWA). The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) also contributed to the report.

The IMF’s World Revenue Longitudinal Data set (WoRLD) is a compilation of government tax and non-tax revenues from the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics and World Economic Outlook, and drawing on the OECD Revenue Statistics and Revenue Statistics in Latin American and the Caribbean.

Методологические пояснения: Валовой внутренний продукт (ВВП) по паритету покупательной способности (ППС) - Объем ВВП стран, выраженный в национальной валюте, пересчитан в единую валюту, используя паритет покупательной способности (ППС). Также применяется выражение ВВП в реальном выражении по аналогии с похожей практикой выражения стоимостных показателей в ценах другого года. (последняя версия - Международные сопоставления валового внутреннего продукта за 2005 год: Стат. сб./ Росстат. – M., 2008. стр.15, расчетный показатель) Комментарий: Данные предоставляются на 5-й рабочий день после публикации результатов сопоставлений ОЭСР Ведомство (субъект статистического учета): Федеральная служба государственной статистики Размещение: Информация о результатах международных сопоставлений валового внутреннего продукта, координируемых Организаций экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР) и Евростатом (за год, принятый за базу сопоставлений) Источники и способ формирования показателя: Расчет

Методологические пояснения: Для проведения международных сопоставлений ВВП необходимо иметь данные о стоимостных объемах на уровне первичных групп товаров и услуг. Разбивка национальных расходов ВВП на первичные товарные группы основывается на двух критериях. Во-первых, первичные группы должны быть как можно более однородными, чтобы свести к минимуму разброс отдельных значений цен по странам внутри каждой первичной группы. Во-вторых, необходимо получить достаточно надежные данные о расходах по каждой первичной группе. Проведение сопоставлений осуществляется по международному графику, в котором отмечены последние сроки представления и согласования данных. Все результаты сопоставлений ВВП основываются на информации, представленной странами. Все изменения в национальных данных после окончательных сроков представления в соответствии с графиком работ не использовались в расчетах. (Последняя версия - Международные сопоставления валового внутреннего продукта за 2005 год: Стат. сб./ Росстат. – M., 2008. стр.17, 26, расчетный показатель). Комментарий: Данные предоставляются на 5-й рабочий день после публикации результатов сопоставлений ОЭСР Ведомство (субъект статистического учета): Федеральная служба государственной статистики Размещение: Информация о результатах международных сопоставлений валового внутреннего продукта, координируемых Организаций экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР) и Евростатом (за год, принятый за базу сопоставлений) Источники и способ формирования показателя: Расчет

Методологические пояснения: Валовой внутренний продукт  (ВВП) на душу населения по паритету покупательной способности (ППС) - ВВП по ППС или в реальном выражении, рассчитанный на душу населения.  (последняя версия - Международные сопоставления валового внутреннего продукта за 2005 год: Стат. сб./ Росстат. – M., 2008. стр.15, расчетный показатель) Комментарий: Данные предоставляются на 5-й рабочий день после публикации результатов сопоставлений ОЭСР Ведомство (субъект статистического учета): Федеральная служба государственной статистики Размещение: Информация о результатах международных сопоставлений валового внутреннего продукта, координируемых Организаций экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР) и Евростатом (за год, принятый за базу сопоставлений) Источники и способ формирования показателя: Расчет

Методологические пояснения: Результаты сопоставлений и их точность зависят от от структуры ВВП. Влияние структуры обусловлено национальной структурой ВВП стран-участниц. Резкие изменения в национальной структуре ВВП приводят к изменению результатов сопоставлений в ту или иную сторону. Например, как было отмечено в сопоставлениях ВВП, большое положительное сальдо чистого экспорта увеличивает показатель ВВП на душу наседления, а отрицательное - существенно уменьшает. (Последняя версия - Международные сопоставления валового внутреннего продукта за 2005 год: Стат. сб./ Росстат. – M., 2008. стр.27,  расчетный показатель). Комментарий: Данные предоставляются на 5-й рабочий день после публикации результатов сопоставлений ОЭСР Ведомство (субъект статистического учета): Федеральная служба государственной статистики Размещение: Информация о результатах международных сопоставлений валового внутреннего продукта, координируемых Организаций экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР) и Евростатом (за год, принятый за базу сопоставлений) Источники и способ формирования показателя: Расчет